Chapter 14_Akhila Flashcards
Marco Polo
undertook lengthy journey to Kubilai Khan’s court; ambassador of Kubilai, went on missions; his experiences in the Travels are the most informative of Asian descriptions by medieval European travelers
portolani
detailed charts made by medieval navigators and mathematicians in the 13th and 14th centuries
caravel
ship that combined lateen sails with square rig; mobile enough to sail against wind and engage in naval warfare; used for exploration
Prince Henry the Navigator
Portuguese; wanted to 1. seek a Christian kingdom as ally against Muslims 2. acquiring trade opportunities for Portugal 3. extending Christianity
Batholomeu Dias
rounded Cape of Good Hope but returned to Portugal because of fear of a mutiny
Vasco da Gama
reached India (Calicut) by sailing around Africa; returned to Europe with ginger and cinnamon
Alfonso de Albuquerque
set up port facilities at Goa, the western coast of India to block Muslim traders; took contrl of Malacca
Christopher Columbus
explored coastline of Cub, Hispaniola, and the mainland of Central America; rejected by Portuguese but sponsored by Isabella I of Spain
John Cabot
explored New England coastline under a license from King Henry VII of England
Pedro Cabral
discovered South America accidentally in 1500
Amerigo Vespucci
wrote letters describing the geography of the New World; “America” named after him
Vasco Nunez de Balboa
Spanish; led an expedition across Isthmus of Panama and reached the Pacific Ocean in 1513
Ferdinand Magellan
first known circumnavigation of the earth; crossed Pacific Ocean, died in Philippines
Treaty of Tordesillas
divided newly discovered world into separate Portuguese and Spanish spheres of influence
Hernan Cortes
conquered the Aztecs with only a small force; destroyed Tenochtitlan
Francisco Pizzaro
conquered the Incas with only a small force; lucky because Incas already had smallpox; captured Cuzco and turned it into Lima
encomienda
a system that permitted the Spaniards to collect tribute from the natives and use them as laborers; the holders were supposed to protect the Indians, pay them wages, and supervise their spiritual needs
Catherine de’ Medici
dominated the sons of Henry II as regent; moderate, looked to religious compromise as a way to defuse religious tensions between French Catholics and Huguenots
Huguenots
French Calvinists; 40-50% of French nobility were Huguenots, including the House of Bourbon; was guaranteed the right to worship and were allowed to enjoy all political privileges by the Edict of Nantes
ultra-Catholics
extreme Catholic party; favored strict opposition to Huguenots; led by the Guise family
politiques
placed politics before religion and believed that no religious truth was worth the ravages of civil war; ultimately prevailed
St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre
massacre of Hugeunots in August 1572; about 3000 Huguenots were murdered in Paris
Holy League
formed by ultra-Catholics to exterminate heresy and seat Henry, duke of Guise on the French throne
Henry, Duke of Guise
supported by Philip II of Spain; forced Henry III to make him his chief minister; assassinated by Henry III
Henry III
was forced to make Henry, Duke of Guise chief minister but then killed him; wanted to crush Catholic Holy Leagu and retake city of Paris; killed by a monk; made an alliance with Henry of Navarre
Henry of Navarre
a Huguenot; converted to Catholicism to save his life in St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre; converted back to Calvinism and then to Catholicism when he took French throne; known as Henry IV
War of the Three Henries
the 3 Henries who fought for French throne
Edict of Nantes
made Catholicism the official religion of France; guaranteed Hugeunots the right to worship in selected places in every district, allowed them to retain a number of fortified towns for their protection; Huguenots allowed to enjoy all political privileges
Philip II
Spanish; ushered in an age of Spanish greatness, though began Spain’s decline because of his political and military commitments
Battle of Lepanto
stunning victory of Philip II over the Turkish fleet
William of Orange (William the silent, William of Nassau)
Wished to unify all 17 provinces of the Neterlands; countered spanish union of Arras w/ union of utrech - dividing the Netherlands on religious, polotical, & geographic terms; rebelled against king Philip’s repression.
Duke of Alva
duke sent by Philip w/10,000 spanish/Italian troops to crush William of Nassau’s rebellion
“Sea Beggars”
Dutch pirates who mounted the growing resistance to Philip along w/ William of Orange
Pacification of Ghent
agreement (1576) that stipulated that all the provinces would stand together under William’s leadership, respect religious differences and demand that spanish troops be withdrawn
Duke of Parma
next spanish leader of Netherlands who split provinces of Neth b/c religious differences, creating the union of Arras
Union of Arras
a union formed by the southern catholic provinces of the Netherlands in 1519 and accepted Spanish control
Union of Utrecht
created by William of Orange to counter Union of Arras; Union ofNothern Dutch speaking states -> protestant union to oppose spanish rule
Elizabeth I
Halfsister of Mary; Queen of England; daughter of Henry III & Anne Boleyn; inheerited throne from Mary who tried to turn England catholoc religiuos policy based on compromise
Elizabethian Settlement
1559; repealed Mary’s reign, new Act of Supremacy that designated Elizabeth as only supreme (temporal & spiritual) uler of realm, and Act of uniformity to restore the church services of the Book of Common prayer; smother religious differences in Eng.
Mary, Queen of Scots
catholic cousin of Elizabeth & next in line to the throne; ousted from Scotland by calvinist nobles, fled to England where she plotted to kill Elizabeth; Elizabeth had her beheaded to remove threat to throne.
Puritans
greater threat to Anglicanism; protestants within the Anglican chruch who, inspired by calvinist theology, wanted to remove any trace of catholocism from the chruch of England; contained by Elizabeth, but would dominate in 27th century.
Spanish Armada
ordered by Philip & would rendezvous with the army of te duke to parma in Flanders and escort his troops across the English channel for the invasion of England; ultimately failed b/c not enough ships or man power.
joint-stock company
a company of association that raises capital b selling shares to individuals who receive dividends on their investment while a board of directors runs the company
Bank of Amsterdam
1609: a deposit and transfer institution created by the city of Amsterdam to replace traditional family banking firms
Amsterdam Bourse
Exchange where the trading of stocks replaced the exchnage of goods; hub of the European bussiness world in the 17th century
Defenestration of prague
The protestant nobles proclaimed their resistance (rebelled against Ferdinand) by throwing 2 Habsburg governors and 1 secretart out the window of a royal castle in parague
Battle of White Mountain
battle in which the imperial forces, ordered by the imposing forces of Maximilian of Brararra and the Catholic League defeated Federick and the Bohemian nobles outside Prague
Albercht Von Wallenstein
a bohemian nobleman who had taken advantage of Ferdinand’s victory to become the country’s wealthiest landowner; marched imperial army north, defeated Danes, occupied parts of northern Germany
Edict of Restitution
1629 issued by Ferdinand II at the height of his power; prohibited calvinist worship and restored to the catholic churh all propery taken by protestant princess & cities during the past 75 yrs.
Gustavus Adolphus
king of Sweden (revived the nation); supported by France took army to Germany; lutheran; prevailed in Battle of lut zen, but killed in battle.
Battle of Lutzen
battle against N.Germany n which Swedes prevailed, but swedish king died in battle
Battle of Nordlingen
German imperial army defeated the swedes (1634) & drove them out of S.Germany; guaranteed that S.Germany would remain catholic & emperor Francis II annulled Edict of Restitution to make peace
Peace of Westpnalia
1648: ended war in Germany; ensured all German states (including Calvinistones) were free to determine their own religion; France gained parts of western Germany, Alsace, & cities (gave France conrtol of Franco Germ. Border, 300 + states in HRE = recognized as independant states -> seperate religion & politics
Malleus Malticarum
book that argued thath there was a direct link between women & witchcraft because women are inferior to men mentally & morally; moral weakness makes them vulnerable to tempation by satan
Mannerism
Italy 1520s / 1530s; deliberate attempt to breakdown the High Renaissance principles of balance, harmony & moderation; derives from critice who considered contemporary artists to be second rate imitates; distorted rules of proportion to convey suffering and strong emotional atmosphere of anxiety & confusion
El Greco
Domenikos Theotocopoulos: crete who moved to Spain where he becam a church painter in Toledo; elongateed & controled figures, portrayed in unusual shades of yellow & green against an eerie background of trubulent grays creating intense emotion
Baroque
lat quarter of 16th century; harmonize classical traditions of Renaissance art with the intense religious feelings fostered by the revival of religion in the Reformation; first appeared in Rome -> jesuit church of II Gesu in 1575
Peter Paul Rubens
used Baroque dramatic effects to heighten emotional intensity; prolific artist and important figure in spread of Abaroque from Italy to other parts of Europe; violent motion, nudes, dramatic lighting, shadows, rich pigments &coverage -> constant movement/ restless forms units
Gian Lorenzo Bernini
greatest figure of the Baroque; Italian archtiect & sculptor who completed St. Peter’s Bascilia and designed the vast colonnade enclosing the piazza in front of it
Michel de Montaigne
closely associated with concept of positive skepticism; son of French merchant; lawyer; wrote Essays to question authority & tradition and attacked moral absolutists; especially critical of Huguenot & ultra-catholic fanatics of the French wars of Religion; countered fanatacism by preaching moderation and toleration
Willian Shakespheare
most famous dramatist of Elizabethan literature; actor & shareholder in a theatrical company as well as a play wright; wrote many tragedies, comedies, romances, and histories
Lope De Vega
Prolific writer who wrote with charming action packed, and realistic: wrote plays ONLY to please the public, not for fame
Miguel decerrantes
writer of Don Quixitie during the golden age of spanish literature, satinized medivial chivalry and concealed it with literary realism
