Chapter 12_ Akhila Flashcards
Jacob Burkhardt
Swiss historian and art critic who created the modern concept of the Renaissance in his celebrated work “civilization of the Renaissance in Italy” published in 1860
L’uomo Universale
a “universal person” with a well-rounded personality, a high regrard for human worth, and a realization of individual potentiality
Hanseatic League
league of merchants formed in the 13th century when some German costal towns cooperated to gain favorable trading rights in Flemish cities; formed military leagues to protect themselves from pirates; 100 towns joined to become an independent political power by 14th century; monopolized timber, fish, grain, metals, honey, and wines
House of Medici
the greatest banking house in Europe, with branches in Venice, Milan, Rome, Avignon, Bruges, London, and Lyons; controlled enterprises in wool, silk, aluminium mining, and dyeing textiles; principle bankers of the papacy (profits for and influence over papal court); declined due to poor leadership and bad loans; 1494- expelled from Florence
three estates
class divisions in France consisting of the clergy, the nobility, and the third estate (peasants and inhabitants of the towns and cities)
Book of the Courtier
the book in which Castiglione described three basic attributes of the perfect courtier
age of emancipation
between the early teens and late twenties: a child did no become an adult until the father went before a judge and emancipated him
five major powers of the Italian peninsula
the duchy of Milan, Venice, Florence, the papal states, and the Kingdom of Naples
Francesco Sforza
one of the leading condottiere who turned on his Milanese employers, conquered the city, and became its new duke
Cosimo de’ Medici
first of the Medici political dynasty; inherited wealth and name from his father, Giovanni di Bicci de’ Medici; defacto ruler of the small merchant oligarchy in Florence and manipulated the republican government; 1434 took control of the oligarchy
Lorenzo the Maginficent
grandsom of Cosimo de Medici who successfully dominated the city of Florence when when it was the center of the cultural Renaissance
Battista Sforza
wife of Federigo de Montefeltro and niece of the ruler of Milan; intelligent, well versed in Latin and Greek; fostered art and letters in Urbino
Federigo da Montefelltro
ruler of Urbino (1444-1482); educated in humanist school; learned skills for fighting & hired himself out as condottiere; reliable and honest general; patrom of Renaissance culture; benevolent
Isabella d’Este
most famous Renaissance ruling woman; daughter of duke Ferrar; married Francesco Gonzoga (marquis of Mantua); important court for Renaissance art and literature; intelligent, political wisdom, clever negotiator
Peace of Lodi
signed by Italian states in 1454 to create peace until 1494; ended 1/2 century of war; created an alliance system that resulted in balance of power in Italy
Ludovico Sforza
duke of Milan who foolishly invited French to intervene in Italian politics
Charles VIII
French ruler, eager to intervene in Italian politics in 1494, occupied Naples with a 300,000 man army
Sack of Rome
1527; Italian states turned to Spain for help and both Spain and France fought for control of Italy; Charles I of Spain ended Italian war and dominated Italy
Machiavelli
secretary to Florentine Council of Ten and made many diplomatic missions to Germany and France; exiled in 1512 when Medici returned to power
The Prince
Book in which Machiavelli expressed his ideas on moderern, secular power politics (mostly concerning Italy); considered the founder of modern, secular power politics
“liberal arts”
a group of intellectual disciplines including grammar, rhetoric, poetry, moral philosophy, ethics, and history
Petrarch
father of Italian Renaissance humanism; rejected becomig a lawyer to becoma a writer; first to characterize Middle Ages as an era of darkness
New Cicero
biography of Cicero written by Leonardo Bruni (humanist, Florentine patriot, chancellor)
civic humanism
humanism that reflected the values of the urban society of the Italian Renaissance (form of republicanism); believed that their studies of humanity should be put to the service of the state
Manuel Chrysoloras
taught in Florence from 1396-1400; teacher of Leonardo Bruni who was one of the first to master Greek
Lorenzo Valla
aspired to be a papal secretary; proved that “Donation of Constantine” as a forged document; wrote “The Elegances of Latin Language” to restore Latin to proper vernacular
Poggio Bracciollini
another significant humanist educated in Florence; served in papal secretary; collected classical manuscripts (found works of 15 writers); wrote Facetiae (a book of jokes)
Florentine Platonic Academy
an informal discussion group; patron= Cosimo de’ Medici; studied works of Plato
Marsilio Ficino
influential humanist of Italian Ren; astrologer; reviewed neoplatonism; translated Plato’s dialogues for Cosimo de Medici
neoplatonism
the exposition of platonic philosophy; mystical philosophy centered on the teachings of Plato
Corpus Hermeticum
a Greek work which Ficino translated into Latin for Cosimo; taught of divine and natural influence, astronomy, alchemy, etc
Pico della Mirandola
one of the most prominent magi of the late 15th century; produced the “Oration on the Dignity of Man” (preface to “900 Conclusions”- summation of all learning and theses for public debate)
Vittorino da Feltre
founded a famous secondary school for humanism at Mantau; education based on ideas of classical authors
Pietro Paolo Vergerio
wrote a treaties on education called Concerning Character; stressed importance of liberal arts as the key to true freedom
Isotta Nogarola
a woman who mastered Latin and wrote numerous letters and treatises
Cassandra Fedele
from Venice; learned both Latin and Greek from humanist tutors hired by her family; became prominent in Venice for her public recitations of orations
Leonardo Bruni
worte History of the Florentine People; greater attention on city-states
Jacob Wimpheling
German scholar who wrote On the Excellence and Magnificence of the Germans
Francesco Guicciardini
(1483-1540) greatest historian between Tacitus, and Voltaire and Gibbon; wrote the History of Italy and the History of Florence; analyzed political situations, emphasized political and military history
Johannes Gutenberg
developed the movable printing press; Gutenberg’s bible was the first real book produced from movable type
Masaccio
made frescoes in the Brancacci Chapel –> regarded as the first masterpiece of Early Renaissance Art; created realistic paintings
Donatello
(1386-1466) studied and copied the statues of antiquity in Rome; statue of David with giant Goliath celebrated Florentine heroism in the triumph of the Florentines over the Milanese in 1428; his David radiated a simplicity and strength that reflected the dignity of humanity
Brunelleschi
(1377-1446) friend of Donatello; inspired by architecture of Roman antiquity; creation of new architecture in Florence
Raphael
(1483-1520) made numerous madonas, in which he attempted to achieve an ideal of beauty far surpassing human standards; frescoes in Vatican Palace
Jan van Eyck
(1390-1442) among the first to use oil paint, a medium that enabled the artist to use a varied range of colors and make changes to create fine details; attentive to detail in Giovanni Arnolfini and His Bride
Charles VII
(1422-1461) king of France; established a royal army composed of cavalry and archers; received right to levy the taille (property tax)
Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges (1438)
an agreement with the papacy that strengthened the liberties of the French church administratively at the expense of the papacy; enabled the king to assume control over the church in France
Louis XI (the spider)
known as the Spider because of his wily and devious ways; advanced the development of a French territorial state; made the taille permanent
War of the Roses
broke out in the 1450s; civil war that pitted the ducal house of Lancaster (red rose) against the ducal house of York (white rose); in 1485, Henry Tudor defeated the last Yorkish king, Richard III, and established the new Tudor dynasty
Bosworth Field
the place where Henry Tudor defeated Richard III
Henry VII
(1485-1509) Henry Tudor, the first Tudor king; worked to reduce internal dissension and establish a strong monarchial government; successful in extracting income from the traditional financial resources; encouraged commerical activity
Star Chamber
Court of Star Chamber; controlled the irresponsible activity of the nobles; did not use juries and allowed torture to be used to extract confessions
Isabella of Castile
(1474-1504) married to Ferdinand of Aragon; worked to strengthen royal control of government; in 1502, she issued a decree, expelling all Muslims; expelled Jews from Spain in 1492
Ferdinand of Aragon
(1479-1576) married to Isabella of Castille; worked to strengthen royal control of government; expelled Jews from Spain in 1492
Spanish Inquisition
introduced into Spain in 1478; worked with cruel efficiency to guarantee the orthodoxy of the conversos, but had no authority over practicing Jews
hermandandes
“brotherhoods”; medieval town organizations; organized to maintain law and order; disbanded by 1498
corregidores
appointed by the crown to replace corrupt municipal officials
House of Habsburg
acquired possessions in Austria; wealthy landholder family; success due to strategic dynastic marriages
Frederick III
(1440-1493) gained large amounts of land in France and the Low Countires by marrying his son Maximilian to Mary, the daughter of Duke Charles the Bold of Burgundy
Maximilian I
(1493-1519) attempted to centralize the administration by creating new institutions common to the entire empire; only real success lay in his marriage alliances
Ivan III
(1462-1505) freed Russia from the Mongols in 1450; annexed Russian principalities and eastern European territories
John Wyclif
(1328-1384) Oxford theologian who started English Lollardy; attacked papal authority and medieval Chrstian beliefs and pracitices; Bible should be a Christian’s sole authority
Lollards
John Wycliff’s followers; forced to go underground after 1400 in fear of persecution
John Hus
(1374-1415) led a group of Czech reformers; urged the elimination of the worldliness and corruption of the clergy; attacked the excessive power of the papacy within the Catholic Church
Council of Constance
attempted to deal with the growing problem of heresy by burning John Hus, which resulted in revolutionary upheaval
Sacrosancta
passed by Council of Constance; stated that a general council of the church received its authority from God
Frequens
provided for the regular holding of general councils to ensure that church reform would continue
Execrabilis
papal bull issued by Pope Pius II; condemned appeals to a council over the head of a pope as heretical
Julius II
(1503-1513) most involved in war and politicls; “warrior-pope”; personally led armies into battle
Sixtus IV
(1471-1484) used nepotism; made 5 of his nephews cardinals and gave them many church offices to build up their finances
nepotism
derived from “nepos,” meaning nephew; means favoring family
Alexander VI
(1492-1503) known for his debauchery and sensuality; raised three family members to the cardinalate
Leo X
(1513-1521) Julius’s successor; a patron of Renaissance culture (a deeply involved participant); commissed Raphael
