Chapter 15: Transmission of Genetic Information from Parents to Offspring Flashcards
Who used quantitative analysis of carefully designed plant-breeding experiments to arrive at the concept of the gene?
15.1
Gregor Mendel
What plant did Mendel use to study inheritance? Why?
15.1
the garden pea, Pisum sativum
certain properties of the garden pea were particularly advantageous for studying inheritance
A variant form of a character is called a:
15.1
trait
Define inheritance.
15.1
the acquisition of traits by their transmission from parent to offspring
T or F: If a true breeding line is allowed to self-fertilize for several generations, the resulting offspring will have the same traits as the parents.
15.1
true
A single-factor cross is one in which an experimenter follows:
15.1
the variants of only one character
When the true-breeding parents differ in a single character, their offspring are called what?
15.1
monohybrids
Plants from two different true-breeding P generation lines are crossed to one another and produce offspring. These offspring are allowed to self-fertilize, which results in the production of…
15.1
F2 generation
What is the term that describes when two individuals of the same species with different characteristics are bred/crossed to each other? What are the offspring referred to as?
15.1
hybridization; hybrids
The combination of alleles that an individual possesses, such as TT or Tt, is the individual’s:
15.1
genotype
What ratio is obtained in the F2 generation of a dihybrid cross when alleles assort independently from one another?
15.1
9:3:3:1
What does Mendel’s law of segregation state?
15.1
Alleles of a gene segregate during gamete formation so that half the gametes receive one allele and half receive the second allele.
What is a phenotype?
15.1
The phenotype is the physical appearance of an organism. (Plant is short or tall.)
Mendel’s Law of Independent Assortment states that:
15.1
allels of two different genes assort independently in the formation of gametes
What are the principles of the chromosome theory of inheritance?
15.2
- genes are found in the chromosomes
- chromosomes are replicated and passed from parent to offspring and from cell to cell
- during meiosis, the homologous pairs segregate independently and haploid gametes are produced
- gametes are haploid cells that combine to form a diploid cell during fertilization
- the nucleus of a diploid cell contains homologous pairs of chromosomes
The analysis of an inherited trait over several generations in one family is called:
15.3
pedigree analysis
What is a gene’s locus?
15.2
its physical location on a chromosome
What type of allele is common, and which is rare?
15.3
wild-type is common
mutant is rare
What phase of cellular division explains Mendel’s law of independent assortment?
15.2
metaphase of meiosis I
The random alignment of chromosomes ____________ leads to the independent assortment of alleles on different chromosomes.
15.2
in meiosis I
What is represented in pedigree analysis?
15.3
Inheritance of an inherited trait over several generations in one family
What observations in a pedigree would rule out a recessive pattern of inheritance for a human disease?
15.3
an unaffected offspring has two affected parents
In a simple dominant/recessive relationship, the production of approximately ____% of the protein needed in the heterozygote is plenty for the individual to function typically.
15.4
50%
Because a single gene can be expressed in multiple cell types or at several stages of development, a phenomenon called ____ could occur.
15.4
pleiotropy
