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BIO 190: UNIT 3 > Chapter 14: How Eukaryotic Cells Sort and Transmit Chromosomes (PART 1) > Flashcards

Chapter 14: How Eukaryotic Cells Sort and Transmit Chromosomes (PART 1) Flashcards

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1
Q

Define cell division.

14.1

A

it is the reproduction of cells, and is a highly regulated process that distributes and monitors the integrity of the genetic material

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2
Q

T or F: Mitosis is needed for sexual reproduction.

14.1

A

false; MEIOSIS is needed for sexual reproduction

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3
Q

Define the cell cycle.

14.1

A

the series of phases a eukaryotic cell progresses through from its origin until it divides

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4
Q

There are 5 stages in the cell cycle. Describe them all briefly.
Draw the cycle, if you dare! :)

14.1

A
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5
Q

What does a karyotype reveal about chromosomes found in actively dividing cells?

14.1

A

size, number, and centromere position

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6
Q

How are eukaryotic chromosomes prepared for cell division?

14.1

A

the chromosomes are replicated and compacted into sister chromatids

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7
Q

What are sister chromatids?

14.1

A

two identical copies of a chromosome connected by a centromere

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8
Q

Does cell divison occur before or after DNA replication?

14.1

A

after

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9
Q

T or F: Each set of chromosomes is composed of the same type.

14.1

A

false; each set is composed of several different types of chromosomes

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10
Q

How many sets of chromosomes are in eukryotic species?

14.1

A

2; each set has 23 different types of chromosomes; total is 46

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11
Q

The chromosomes that are not sex chromosomes are called what? How many do humans have?

14.1

A

autosomes; 22

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12
Q

What is the term that defines organisms whose cells carry two sets of chromosomes?

14.1

A

a diploid

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13
Q

Most human cells are diploid. What is the exception?

14.1

A

gametes, the sperm and egg cells; they are HAPLOID, which means they only contain one set of chromosomes

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14
Q

In humans, which chromosomes determine the sex of the individual?

14.1

A

X and Y chromosomes
(XX for females; XY for males)

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15
Q

What is a homolog?

14.1

A

a member of a pair of chromosomes in a diploid organisms

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16
Q

T or F: The DNA sequences on homologous chromosomes are not similar. In most cases the sequences of bases on one homolog differs by more than 99% from the other sequence on the other homolog.

14.1

A

false; the DNA sequences on homolongous chromosomes are very similar, and the sequences usually differ by LESS than 1%.

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17
Q

Are the X and Y chromosomes homologous? Why, or why not?

14.1

A

they are not homologous because they are different in size and genetic composition

18
Q

The G1, S and G2 phase are collectively known as what?

14.1

A

interphase

19
Q

What happens during interphase?

14.1

A

the cell grows and copies its chromosomes in preparation for cell division; OR cells may exit the cell cycle and remain for long periods of time in a phase called G0 (G zero).

20
Q

What occurs in the G0 (G zero) phase?

14.1

A

a cell in this phase has postponed division, OR, in the case of terminally differentiated cells (muscle cells in adult animal), will never divide again. NONDIVIDING PHASE!

21
Q

The M phase includes what two processes?

14.1

A

mitosis and cytokinesis

22
Q

In a cell’s life, cell growth occurs primarily during what phase?

14.1

A

G1 phase

23
Q

During which phase of the cell cycle are the chromosomes replicated?

14.1

A

S phase

24
Q

Which phase is the longest phase of the cell cycle, and which is the shortest?

14.1

A

G1 phase is the longest and the M phase is the shortest.

25
Q

There are two parts of the M phase; define each one.

14.1

A

Mitosis: one cell nucleus divides into two nuclei, each of which receives the same complement of chromosomes
Cytokinesis: the division of the cytoplasm to produce two distinct daughter cells

26
Q

Which proteins are responsible for advancing a cell through the phases of the cell cycle?

14.1

A

cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases

27
Q

T or F: Cyclin dependent kinases do not depend on cyclin to advance the cell cycle.

14.1

A

false; they do

28
Q

The three critical regulatory points that occur in the cell cycle of eukaryotic cells are called?

14.1

A

checkpoints

29
Q

What is the aim of a checkpoint protein?

14.1

A

to prevent the divison of a cell that has incurred DNA damage or harbors abnormalities in chromosome number

30
Q

What factors determine whether or not a cell will divide?

14.1

A

External: environmental conditions & signaling molecules
Internal: cell cycle control molecules & checkpoints

31
Q

Loss of checkpoints can lead to what?

14.1

A

mutations and cancer

32
Q

What are the products of DNA replication called?

HINT: THEY ARE THE SAME AS THE PARENT STRAND AND ARE SEMICONSERVATIVE

14.1

A

sister chromatids

33
Q

Chromosomes carry what?

14.1

A

specific information content that holds all of the information of that species (many chromosomes in eukaryotic organisms)

34
Q

One set of human chromosomes contains how many types of different chromosomes?

14.1

A

23 (1 set)
2 sets (1 from each parent)

35
Q

What does n represent in diploid and haploid sets?

14.1

A

a set of chromosomes (differs from each species)

36
Q

Are homologous chromosomes identical?

14.1

A

No; they are nearly identical
(example: brown eye vs blue eye genes on chromosome 15)

37
Q

Draw the checkpoints and how the cyclin and cyclin dependent kinases advance a cell through the cell cycle.

A
38
Q

Can both haploid and diploid cells go through the process of mitosis?

14.1

A

yes

39
Q

Through what process are our cells being duplicated and what process allows for our cells to heal and regenerate?

14.1

A

mitosis

40
Q

What serve as the microtubule organizing centers?

14.1

A

centrosomes

41
Q

Draw the different types of microtubules and where they are located in the cell.

14.1

A
42
Q

Draw and describe the difference between a cleavage furrow and a cell plate in the process of mitosis.

14.1

A

BIO 190: UNIT 3 (7 decks)

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