Chapter 14: How Eukaryotic Cells Sort and Transmit Chromosomes (PART 2)

Question 1

Define mitotic cell division.

14.2

Answer 1

Process in which a cell divides to produce two new cells that are genetically identical to the original cell.

Question 2

What is the function of the spindle apparatus?

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Answer 2

it organizes and sorts the chromosomes during cell division

Question 3

What are the three types of spindle microtubules organized by the centrosome called?

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Answer 3

astral, polar, and kinetochore

Question 4

In what phase of mitosis does the fragmentation of the nuclear envelope begin?

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Answer 4

prophase

Question 5

What happens during prometaphase?

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Answer 5

-nuclear evelope fragments into small vesicles
-spindle apparatus is fully formed
-centrosomes move apart and demarcate the two poles
-spindle fibers interact with sister chromatids

Question 6

The connections between the pairs of sister chromatids are broken during which stage of mitosis?

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Answer 6

anaphase

Question 7

The chromosomes have reached their respective poles and decondense during which stage of mitosis?

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Answer 7

telophase

Question 8

The nucleolus is no longer visible in which stage of mitosis?

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Answer 8

prophase

Question 9

T or F: Mitotic divisions are used for sexual reproduction and for growth and development of multicellular organisms.

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Answer 9

false; ASEXUAL reproduction

Question 10

What are the differences between the three types of microtubules of the mitotic spindle?

BONUS: DRAW THEM! :)

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Answer 10

astral: not attached to chromosomes
polar: not attached to chromosomes, region between two poles
kinetochore: attach to kinetochores of the sister chromatids

Question 11

What is the main result of meiosis?

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Answer 11

it creates haploid gametes for sexual reproduction

Question 12

Let’s suppose a cell is a diploid, with 8 chromosomes per set. How many chromatids would be found in the cell after S phase but prior to cytokinesis?

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Answer 12

32

Question 13

Sister chromatids become attached to spindle fibers during:

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Answer 13

prometaphase

Question 14

Sister chromatids separate from each other during:

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Answer 14

anaphase

Question 15

How does cytokinesis differ in plant and animal cells?

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Answer 15

Plants: vesicles from the golgi move along microtubules to the center of the cell and coalesce to form a cell plate
Animals: a cleavage furror forms which constricts to separate the cells

Question 16

During which phase of mitosis do the kinetochore microtubules shorten, pulling the chromosomes toward the pole to which they are attached?

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Answer 16

anaphase

Question 17

What is the function of Meiosis I?

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Answer 17

meosis I separates homologous chromosomes from each other

Question 18

What is the function of Meiosis II?

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Answer 18

meiosis II separates sister chromatids from each other

Question 19

The formation of bivalents and subsequent crossing over occur in what phase of meosis?

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Answer 19

prophase I

Question 20

Synapsis is the processing of forming a:

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Answer 20

bivalent

Question 21

Crossing over is best described as what?

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Answer 21

it involves a physical exchange of chromosome segments in the bivalent

Question 22

What is the difference between the prometphase in mitosis and meiosis I?

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Answer 22

mitosis: pair of sister chromatids is attached to both poles
meiosis I: pair of sister chromatids is attached to just one pole via kinetochore microtubules

Question 23

The replicated chromosomes condense, the homologous chromosomes form bivalents, and crossing over occurs during which stage of meiosis?

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Answer 23

prophase I

Question 24

What is the difference between anaphase I and anaphase II in meiosis?

14.3

Answer 24

bivalents are separated during anaphase I
sister chromatids are separated during anaphase II

Question 25

In fungi, the multicellular organism is ____, and the zygote is _____. ## Footnote 14.4

Answer 25

haploid; diploid

Question 26

What is a potential advantage of sexual reproduction? ## Footnote 14.4

Answer 26

it allows for greater genetic variation in offspring

Question 27

What are the four main types of chromosomal mutations? ## Footnote 14.5

Answer 27

deletions inversisons translocations duplications

Question 28

Organisms possessing chromosomes that occur in one or more complete sets are termed.... ## Footnote 14.5

Answer 28

euploid

Question 29

What is the term that refers to an event in which the chromosomes do not sort properly during cell division? ## Footnote 14.5

Answer 29

nondisjuntion

Question 30

Which type of condition of chromosomes is most likely lethal in mammals? ## Footnote 14.5

Answer 30

polyploidy

Question 31

Why is aneuploidy detrimental to an organism of any eukaryotic species? ## Footnote 14.5

Answer 31

the over or under-expression of some genes may interfere with the proper functioning of the cells

Question 32

Draw the difference between Meiosis I and Meiosis II. ## Footnote 14.3

Answer 32

Question 33

Draw the process of Meiosis I.(steps 1-3) ## Footnote 14.3

Answer 33

Question 34

Draw the process of Meiosis I. (step 4-5) ## Footnote 14.3

Answer 34

Question 35

Draw the process of Meiosis II. (steps 1-5) ## Footnote 14.3

Answer 35

Question 36

Mitosis produces 2/4 diploid/haploid daughter cells that are genetically identical/diverse. Meiosis produces 2/4 diploid/haploid daughter cells that are genetically identical/diverse. ## Footnote 14.3

Answer 36

2; diploid, identical 4; haploid, diverse