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Anatomy and Physiology I > Chapter 15: The Special Senses > Flashcards

Chapter 15: The Special Senses Flashcards

1
Q

Photoreceptors for vision

A

rods and cones

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2
Q

location of photoreceptors for vision

A

found in neural (inner) layer of the retina

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3
Q

Rods

A
  • used in dim light and for peripheral vision
  • non color vision (one visual pigment)
  • high sensitivity, function in dim light
  • low acuity (many rods converge onto one ganglion cell)
  • more numerous (20 rods for every cone)
  • mostly in peripheral retina
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4
Q

Cones

A
  • used in bright light and provide high-resolution color vision
  • color vision (3 visual pigments)
  • low sensitivity, function in bright light
  • high acuity (one cone per ganglion cell in fovea)
  • less numerous
  • mostly in central retina
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5
Q

Focusing for close vision: what 3 things happen when we focus on an object that is close to us <6m away

A
  1. Accommodation of lens
  2. Pupil constriction
  3. Eyeball convergence
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6
Q

Accommodation of lens

A

change in lens shape (bulges), increases refraction

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7
Q

Pupil constriction

A

prevents entrance of most divergent light rays into eye

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8
Q

Eyeball convergence

A

medial rotation of eyeballs so they converge on close object

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9
Q

How do photoreceptors and visual pigments provide humans the ability to perceive many color

A
  • cones have 3 types of visual pigments (red, green, blue) sensitive to different wavelength
  • differential activation of cones allow perception of a variety of colors ( ex. yellow light activates red and green cones)
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10
Q

Depth perception: what is it

A
  • visual field for eye overlap, but each eye has a slightly different view
  • visual cortex processing images from both eyes, forming a 3D image (depth perception)
  • allows humans to accurately locate objects in space
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11
Q

What does depth perception need

A
  • input from both eyes
  • depth perception is lost when only one eye is functioning
  • object position determined using other learned cues (ex: closer objects appear larger; brain can use this cue to figure out objects location in space)
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12
Q

Pathway as light enters the eye

A

cornea –> aqueous humor (anterior segment) –> lens –> vitreous humor (posterior segment) –> through neural layer of retina –> photoreceptors deep in neural layer of retina

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13
Q

What is the organ for smell and where is it location

A
  • olfactory epithelium
  • location: roof of nasal activity over top of superior nasal conchae
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14
Q

What skull bone is associated with the organ for smell

A
  • ethmoid bone: olfactory bulbs lie above epithelium at the top of the nasal cavity
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15
Q

Compared to most neurons in the body what makes the neurons in the Olfactory epithelium (organ for smell) unique

A

one of the few types of neurons replaced throughout adult lifespan

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16
Q

Physiology of smell – how are humans able to perceive so many different smells

A
  1. odorants enter nasal cavity int ehri gaseous (volatile) state
  2. odorants dissolve in mucus covering the olfactory epithelium
  3. dissolved odorants bind to chemoreceptors in cilia of olfactory epithelium
  4. binding generates as an action potential
  5. that action potential travels up filaments of the olfactory nerve and synapse in olfactory bulbs
  6. in bulbs, filaments of olfactory nerves synapse with olfactory tracts, allowing sensory input to travel there
  7. olfactory tracts relay this input to the olfactory cortex in piriform lobe of the temporal lobe
17
Q

What are the taste organs and where are they located

A
  • taste buds
  • located on tongue: some on soft palate, cheeks pharynx, and epiglottis
18
Q

Where is the specific receptors membrane for sensing taste found in the taste organs

A

gustatory hairs: found in gustatory epithelial cells in taste buds

19
Q

How are the taste receptors activated

A
  1. The substance (food or drink) dissolves in saliva to become accessible to tate receptors
  2. The dissolved chemical diffuses into the taste pores surrounding papillae
  3. Chemical comes in contact with gustatory hairs inside the taste pores
  4. The binding of dissolved chemical to receptor on gustatory hair generated an action potential
  5. This action potential is transmitted through either the facial, glossopharyngeal, or vagus nerve
  6. Sensory taste input eventually reaches gustatory cortex in insult or cerebral cortex
20
Q

What cranial nerves are involved in taste

A
  1. Facial (VII): taste from anterior 2/3 of tongue
  2. Glossopharyngeal (IX): taste from posterior 1/3 of tongue and pharynx
  3. Vagus (X): sends impulses from taste buds in pharynx and epiglottis but not as important as VII and IX
21
Q

Are taste disorders common or uncommon? Why?

A
  • taste disorders less common than smell disorders: 3 nerves transmitting taste sensory input instead of one for smell
  • low probability that all 3 nerves would be damaged at the same time
22
Q

What can cause diminished taste?

A
  • upper respiratory tract infection
  • head injuries
  • chemicals or medication
  • head and neck radiation therapy for cancer
23
Q

What kind of other general sense receptors are in the mouth, these are not associated with taste but with other general sense

A
  • thermoreceptors
  • mechanoreceptors
  • nociceptors
24
Q

What are the names of the 3 sensory receptor organs in the inner ear that are associated with hearing or balance/equilibrium

A
  • cochlea
  • vestibule
  • semicircular canals
25
Q

Is the cochlea associated with hearing or balance/equilibrium and what region is it located within the inner ear

A
  • hearing
  • receptor region: spiral organ (organ of corti)
26
Q

Is the vestibule associated with hearing balance/equilibrium, and what region is it located within the inner ear

A
  • equilibrium
  • receptor region: macula
27
Q

Are the semicircular canals associated with hearing or balance/equilibrium and what region are they located within the inner ear

A
  • equilibrium
  • receptor region: crista ampullaris
28
Q

What are the type of equilibrium and acceleration does the vestibule monitor

A
  • static equilibrium (maintenance of proper head position in response to changes in linear motion like when walking)
  • linear acceleration
29
Q

What type of equilibrium and acceleration do the semicircular canals monitor

A
  • dynamic equilibrium (maintenance of proper head position in response to rotational movement like turning)
  • rotational (angular) acceleration
30
Q

What are the hearing sequence of events

A
  1. sound waves are vibration traveling through air that beat against eardrum
  2. force of sound hitting eardrum is transferred through chain of bones in middle ear
  3. movement of last bone in chain of middle
  4. fluid in inner ear stimulate movement of cochlear
  5. cochlear hair cells activate neurons producing an action potential
  6. action potential travels to the brain
  7. brain interprets sound waves for human hearing
31
Q

How do humans localize sound, how might we lose the ability to localize the sound

A
  • dependent on relative intensity and relative timing of sound waves reaching both ears
  • if timing faster on right ear compared to left, brain interprets and localizes sound to the right wide of the body
  • loss of hearing in one ear results in a person’s inability to localize the origin of sounds
32
Q

Motion sickness - cause, treatment

A
  • sensory inputs mismatched
  • visual input differs from vestibular (equilibrium) input
  • conflicting info causes motion sickness
  • treatment: anti-motion drugs that depress vestibular input, such as meclizine and scopolamine

Anatomy and Physiology I (7 decks)

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