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Anatomy and Physiology I > Chapter 12: The Central Nervous System > Flashcards

Chapter 12: The Central Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

4 regions of the brain

A
  1. Cerebrum: 2 cerebral hemispheres (right & left)
  2. Diencephalon
  3. Brain Stem
  4. Cerebellum: small brain, 2 hemispheres
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2
Q

Brain stem consists of:

A
  • midbrain
  • pons
  • medulla
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3
Q

Cerebrum surface structures

A
  • gyri; gyrus
  • sulci; sulcus
  • fissure
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4
Q

Cerebrum surface structures: Gyri

A

elevated ridges

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5
Q

Cerebrum surface structures: sulci

A
  • shallow grooves
  • some sulci are landmarks for dividing each hemisphere into 5 lobes
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6
Q

Cerebrum surface structures: fissure

A
  • deep grooves
  • longitudinal fissure: separates right from left hemisphere
  • transverse cerebral fissure: separates cerebrum from underlying cerebellum
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7
Q

Hypothalamus

A
  • main visceral control center; vital in maintaining homeostasis
  • has many important nuclei: ex. mammillary bodies: acts as olfactory relay station
  • primary homeostatic functions: controls ANS, physical response to emotions, body temp, hunger, water balance and thirst, sleep-wake cycle, control endocrine system: produces ADH and oxytocin
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8
Q

Infindulum

A

stalk at base of hypothalamus that connects to pituitary gland

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9
Q

Thalamus

A
  • 80% of diencephalon
  • relay station that sorts info traveling to cerebral cortex, info stored and edited before relayed
  • mediates sensation, motor activities, cortical arousal, learning, memory
  • involved in memory processing
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10
Q

Medulla Oblongata

A
  • decussation of pyramids
  • origin of VII, IX, X, XII cranial nerves
  • brain stem: has autonomic reflex center, involved in maintaining homeostasis
  • relays ascending sensory pathway impulses from skin and proprioceptors through nuclei cuneatus and gracile
  • contains visceral nuclei controlling heart rate, blood vessel diameter, respiratory rate, vomiting, coughing, etc.
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11
Q

Medulla oblongata: Decussation of Pyramids

A
  • spot where pyramidal tracts cross over another to opposite side of body: why each cerebral hemisphere control movement on opposite side of body
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12
Q

Medulla Oblongata: vital centers

A
  • cardiovascular: adjusts rate and force of contractions, vasomotor center changes blood vessel diameter to control bp
  • respiratory center: generates rhythm of respiration, controls rate and depth of breathing
  • other centers control vomiting, hiccuping,swallowing, coughing, sneezing
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13
Q

Cerebellum

A
  • “small brain”
  • processes input from cerebral cortex, brain stem, and sensory receptors to provide precise, smooth, coordinated movements of skeletal muscles
  • responsible for balance and posture
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14
Q

Limbic System

A
  • group of medial cerebral hemispheres and diencephalon that collectively work together
  • emotional-visceral brain (aka affective brain: responds to perceived threats, express emotion through gestures, resolve mental conflict, attach emotional response to odors
  • mediates emotional response
  • involved in memory processing
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15
Q

Reticular formation

A
  • groups of nuclei running through central core of brain stem
  • governs brain arousal via reticular activating system
  • maintains cerebral cortical alertness (RAS)
  • filters out receptive stimuli
  • helps regulate skeletal and visceral muscle activity
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16
Q

Primary somatosensory cortex

A
  • receives sensory info from the skin and proprioceptors found in skeletal muscle, joints, and tendons: proprioceptors tell the brain the body’s positioning in space
  • uses sensory info to identify what part of body stimulated (spatial discrimination)
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16
Q

Primary motor cortex

A

allows conscious control or precise, skilled, skeletal muscle movement (voluntary muscle control)

16
Q

Broca’s area: function and location

A
  • typically present only in one hemisphere (usually left)
  • motor speech area- controls muscles used in producing speech
  • also used when planning/preparing to speak
  • control voluntary movements of the eye
16
Q

Anterior association area

A
  • involved in intellect, cognition (complex learning activities), recall, and personality
  • working memory found here: needed for abstract ideas, judgment, reasoning, persistence, and planning
17
Q

Wernicke’s area: function & location

A
  • posterior association area
  • involved in understanding written and spoken language
  • if damaged: fail to recognize body on opposite side of damage as part of their body
17
Q

Commissural fibers: main one and location

A

main one: corpus callosum commissural fibers that connect 2 hemispheres (center of the brain between right and left hemispheres)
* horizontal
* connect gray matter of 2 hemispheres

18
Q

Structures protecting the brain

A
  • 3 meninges (connective tissue membranes covering CNS): dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater
  • cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
  • blood brain barrier
19
Q

Meninge 1: Dura mater

A
  • “tough mother”
  • stronger, most external
  • periosteal layer: outer layer, attached to periosteum of skull
  • meningeal layer: inner layer, true external covering of brain
  • layers fused except at dural venous sinuses between layers
  • extends forward, forming partitions (dural septa) that divide cranial cavity
19
Q

Meninge 3: Pia mater

A
  • “gentle mother”
  • delicate layer of connective tissue, most internal
  • clings tightly to the brain along every gyrus and down each sulcus
  • has numerous tiny blood vessels supplying the brain
19
Q

Meninge 2: arachnoid mater

A
  • middle meninges layer; subdural space separates arachnoid mater from dura mater; arachnoid granulation (villi) protrude into superior sagittal sinus so CSF can be reabsorbed
  • underneath arachnoid mater is subarachnoid space which contains CSF and the largest blood vessels supplying the brain
20
Q

Formation of CSF

A
  • choroid plexus of each ventricle produces CSF
  • CSF flows thru ventricles into subarachnoid space via median lateral apertures
  • CSF flows through subarachnoid space
  • CSF is absorbed into dural venous sinuses via arachnoid granulations
20
Q

Blood Brain Barrier: components

A
  • tight junctions: between capillary endothelial cells: most important because they prevent substances from squeezing between endothelial cells, anything crossing the BBB must go thru an endothelial cell
  • astrocytes: help maintain tight junctions
  • basement membrane: surrounds endothelial cells
21
Q

Spinal cord: gross anatomy

A
  • spinal dura mater is not fused to vertebrae
  • epidural space: between vertebrae and spinal dura. fat padding with network of veins
  • CSF in subarachnoid space between arachnoid and pia mater
  • dural and arachnoid membranes extend beyond the end of spinal cord at L1/L2 own to S2 of sacrum: lumbar puncture or spinal tap procedure tiste below L1/L2 because no spinal cord here to damage
22
Q

Spinal cord: where does it begin/end

A
  • end tapers to conus medullaris; cone-shaped structure marking end of spinal cord
  • spinal nerves (31 pairs) branch off spinal cord
  • spinal cord begins at base of skull at foramen magnum
23
Q

Spinal cord: cross-section anatomy

A
  • central canal: filled with CSF, runs length of spinal cord
  • Gray matter: forms butterfly shape in center
24
Q

Spinal cord cross-section anatomy Gray matter

A
  • dorsal horn (posterior)
  • ventral horn (anterior)
  • lateral horns (only in thoracic and lumbar regions)
25
Q

Cross-section anatomy roots and nerves

A
  • ventral roots: motor neuron axon bundles exiting spinal cord
  • dorsal roots: sensory input to spinal cord
  • dorsal roots (spinal) ganglia: sensory neuron cell bodies
  • spinal nerves: formed by fusion of ventral and dorsal roots
26
Q

Ascending pathways vs descending pathways: what do they od

A

conduct sensory pathways superiorly through a chain of 3 neurons to the brain:
first-order neurons
second-order neurons
third-order neurons

27
Q

First-order neurons

A

impulses conducted from cutaneous receptors and proprioceptors to spinal cord or brain stem where they synapse with second-order neurons

28
Q

Second-order neurons

A
  • interneurons
  • in dorsal horn of spinal cord or medullary nuclei; axons extend and transmit impulses to cerebellum or synapse with 3rd order neuron in thalamus
29
Q

Third-order neurons

A
  • interneurons
  • cell bodies in thalamus
  • axons extend and transmit impulses to somatosensory cortex
  • none in the cerebellum
30
Q

3 pathways that transmit somatosensory info to the brain

A
  1. dorsal column-medial lemniscal pathways
  2. spinothalamic pathways
  3. spinocerebellar tracts
31
Q

Dorsal column-medial lemniscal pathways

A
  • impulses relayed through thalamus to somatosensory cortex
  • relays discriminative touch, vibration, and info from proprioceptors
32
Q

Spinothalamic Pathways

A
  • impulses relayed through thalamus to somatosensory cortex
  • transmit pain, temp, coarse touch, and pressure
33
Q

Spinocerebellar tracts

A

transmit info about muscle or tendon stretch to cerebellum, which then coordinates skeletal muscle activity

Anatomy and Physiology I (7 decks)

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