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Anatomy and Physiology I > Chapter 14: The Autonomic Nervous System > Flashcards

Chapter 14: The Autonomic Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

What division of the nervous system are the somatic and autonomic nervous systems part of

A

motor (efferent) divison

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2
Q

How do the SNS and ANS differ

A
  • effectors
  • number of neurons between CNS and effectors
  • actions of their neurotransmitters at the effectors
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3
Q

Efferent Pathways & Ganglia: SNS vs ANS

A

SNS: cell body is in CNS and a single thick myelinated group axon extends in spinal or cranial nerves directly to skeletal muscle
ANS: pathway uses a two-neuron chain

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4
Q

Neurotransmitter effects on effectors: SNS vs ANS

A

SNS: all somatic motor nerves release acetylcholine; effect is always excitatory
ANS: preganglionic fibers release ACh; postganglionic gibers release NE at most sympathetic fibers, ACh at most parasympathetic fibers- effect: either excitatory or inhibitory depending on type of receptors

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5
Q

2 subdivisions withing autonomic nervous system

A
  1. Parasympathetic division:
  2. Sympathetic division
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6
Q

Main effects PNS has on the body when activated

A
  • keeps body energy use as low as possible even while carrying out maintenance activities
  • directs digestion, diuresis, defecation
  • rest and digest system
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7
Q

When PNS activated what happens to specific organs

A
  • ex. person relaxing after meal
  • blood pressure, heart rate, respiratory rates low
  • gastrointestinal tract activity high
  • pupils constricted, lenses accommodate for close vision
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8
Q

Main effects SNS has on the body when activated

A
  • mobilizes body during activity
  • fight or flight
  • exercise, excitement, emergency, embarrassment activates sympathetic system
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9
Q

When SNS activated what happens to specific organs

A
  • ex. person during vigorous activity
  • increased heart rate; dry mouth; cold, sweaty skin, dilated pupils
  • shunts blood to skeletal muscles and heart
  • dilates bronchioles
  • causes liver to release glucose
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10
Q

Parasympathetic division: length of preganglionic and postganglionic fibers

A
  • long preganglionic
  • short postganglionic
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11
Q

Sympathetic division: length of preganglionic and postganglionic fibers

A
  • short preganglionic
  • long postganglionic
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12
Q

Other name for parasympathetic division

A

craniosacral division

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13
Q

Other name for sympathetic division

A

thoracolumbar division

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14
Q

Where do nerve fibers in PNS originate from within the CNS

A

craniosacral part: brain stem nuclei of cranial nerves III, VII, IX and X
* spinal cord segments S2-4

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15
Q

Where do nerve fibers in SNS originate from within CNS

A
  • thoracolumbar part: lateral horns of gray matter of spinal cord segments T1-L2
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16
Q

Where do nerve fibers in PNS synapse once they are outside of CNS and in peripheral nervous system

A
  • terminal ganglia near or withing target organ where preganglionic axons synapse with postganglionic neurons
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17
Q

Where do nerve fibers in SNS synapse once they are outside of CNS an in peripheral nervous system

A
  • postganglionic fiber in a sympathetic chain ganglia (paravertebral ganglia) or collateral ganglia
18
Q

Which division (sympathetic or parasympathetic) is more complex

A

sympathetic divisions: innervates more organs- some structures are innervated only by sympathetic: sweat glands (eccrine and apocrine, arrector pili muscle of hair follicle, smooth muscles of all blood vessels

19
Q

Parasympathetic fibers: site of origin

A

craniosacral: originate in brain and sacral spinal cord

20
Q

Sympathetic fibers: site of origin

A

thoracolumbar: originate in thoracic and lumbar regions of spinal cord

21
Q

Location of parasympathetic ganglia

A

located in or near visceral effectors

22
Q

Location of sympathetic ganglia

A

lie close to spinal cord

23
Q

Most dominant cranial nerve associated with parasympathetic division of ANS

A
  • Vagus nerves (X): account for ~90% of all preganglionic parasympathetic fibers in body
  • serve all thoracic and abdominal viscera
  • branch into nerve plexuses
24
Q

Division that has localized effects and what contributes to these effects

A
  • parasympathetic division: elicits short-lived and highly localized control over effectors
  • ACh quickly destroyed by acetylcholinesterase
25
Q

Division that has widespread diffuse effects and what contributes to these effects

A
  • Sympathetic division: longer lasting with body wide effects
  • NE is activated more slowly than ACh
  • NE and epinephrine hormones from adrenal medulla have prolonged effects that last even after sympathetic signals stop
26
Q

Innervation of the adrenal medulla (adrenal gland) – how is this unique in comparison to the rest of the autonomic nervous system

A

Sympathetic preganglionic fibers directly innervate the adrenal medulla, stimulating it to release epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine into the bloodstream. This bypasses the postganglionic neuron.

27
Q

Motor neuron in SNS

A

a single lower motor neuron axon extends from spinal cord to skeletal muscles

28
Q

Motor neurons in ANS

A

two-neuron chain (preganglionic and postganglionic

29
Q

Preganglionic fibers: what neurotransmitter do they release / where are they found

A
  • found in both sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions
  • release ACh
30
Q

Postganglionic fibers: where are they found / what neurotransmitter do they release

A
  • sympathetic: release norepinephrine (most) or ACh (sweat glands)
  • parasympathetic: release ACh
31
Q

What neurotransmitter is associated with cholinergic fibers

A

Acetylcholine

32
Q

Subtypes of cholinergic fibers

A
  1. Nicotinic receptors
  2. Muscarinic receptors
    (named after drugs that bind to them and mimic ACh effects)
33
Q

Where would you find cholinergic receptors; nicotinic receptors

A

Nicotinic receptors: all postganglionic neurons (sympathetic and parasympathetic); hormone producing cells of adrenal medulla; saroclemma of skeletal muscle cells at neuromuscular junction

34
Q

Where would you find cholinergic receptors; muscarinic receptors

A

Muscarinic receptors: all effector cells stimulated by postganglionic cholinergic fibers; parasympathetic target organs

35
Q

Which neurotransmitter is associated with adrenergic fibers and receptors

A

norepinephrine and epinphrine released by adrenal medulla

36
Q

Subtypes of adrenergic receptors

A
  • Alpha receptors: divided into subclasses: a1, a2
  • beta receptors: divided into subclasses: b1,b2,b3
37
Q

Where would you find adrenergic receptors

A

found on postganglionic sympathetic target organs

38
Q

Beta-blocker medications- what do they do and what conditions are they used to treat

A

Function: block beta-adrenergic receptors, reducing heart rate and blood pressure
Uses: treat hypertension, angina, arrythmias, and heart failure

39
Q

Sympathetic tone (vasomotor tone)

A
  • blood vessels in continuous state of partial contraction
  • maintains blood pressure (even at rest) by regulating vasoconstriction
  • allows shunting of blood to body areas that need it while limiting blood flow to other areas that are not as important
40
Q

Parasympathetic tone

A
  • baseline, constant level of parasympathetic stimulation that slows the heart and sets normal activity level for digestion and urination
  • maintains resting heart rate and digestive activities

Anatomy and Physiology I (7 decks)

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