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Anatomy and Physiology I > Chapter 10: The Muscular System > Flashcards

Chapter 10: The Muscular System Flashcards

1
Q

7 different ways/criteria that is used when naming a skeletal muscle

A
  1. shape
  2. location
  3. size
  4. direction of muscle fibers or fascicles
  5. number of origins
  6. location of attachments
  7. muscle action
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2
Q

Naming criteria: muscle location

A
  • bone or body region with which muscle is associated
  • ex. temporalis (over temporal bone)
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3
Q

Naming criteria: muscle shape

A
  • distinctive shapes
  • ex. deltoid muscle (deltoid = triangle)
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4
Q

Naming criteria: Muscle size

A
  • maximus (largest)
  • minimus (smallest)
  • longus (longest
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5
Q

Naming criteria: Direction of muscle fibers or fascicles

A
  • ex. rectus (fibers run straight)
  • transversus (fibers run at right angles)
  • oblique (fibers run at angles to imaginary defined axis)
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6
Q

Naming criteria: number of origins

A
  • ex. biceps (two origins)
  • triceps (three origins)
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7
Q

Naming criteria: Location of attachments

A
  • named according to point of origins and insertion (origin is first part of name)
  • ex. sternocleidomastoid attaches to sternum and clavicle
  • origin on sternum and clavicle (sternocleido-)
  • insertion on mastoid process (-mastoid)
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8
Q

Naming criteria: muscle action

A
  • named for action they produce
  • ex. flexor (causes flexion)
  • extensor (causes extension)
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9
Q

How else are muscles named?

A
  • several criteria can be combined
  • extensor carpi radialis longus- extensor (extends) carpi (wrist) radialis (radius) longus (length is long)
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10
Q

Epicranius: general

A
  • epi = over; cran = skull
  • 2 part muscle with distinct anterior and posterior positions
  • epicranial aponeurosis (connective tissue sheath that connects muscle to bone) connects 2 bellies
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11
Q

2 parts of epicranius

A
  1. frontal belly (anterior)
  2. Occipital belly (posterior)
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12
Q

2 parts of epicranius: frontal belly

A
  • anterior
  • O: epicranial aponeurosis
  • I: skin of eyebrows and root of nose
  • Action: raises eyebrows
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13
Q

2 parts of epicranius: Occipital belly

A
  • posterior
  • O: occipital and temporal bones
  • I: epicranial aponeurosis
  • action: pulls scalp posteriorily
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14
Q

Orbicularis oris

A

muscle of lips

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15
Q

Orbicularis oris: action

A

closes lips, purses and protrudes lips

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16
Q

Buccinator

A
  • thin, horizontal cheek muscle
  • principal muscle of cheek, deep to masseter
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17
Q

Buccinator: action

A
  • compresses cheek (for whistling and sucking- important for infant feeding)
  • also important during chewing
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18
Q

Suprahyoid muscles

A
  • 4 deep muscles involved in swallowing
  • form floor of oral cavity
  • anchor tongue
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19
Q

Suprahyoid muscles: what structures do these muscles move

A
  • elevate hyoid bone
  • move larynx during swallowing
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20
Q

Infrahyoid muscles

A

4 straplike muscles

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21
Q

Infrahyoid muscles: what structures do these muscles move

A
  • depress hyoid bone and larynx during swallowing and speaking
22
Q

Pectoralis major

A

large, fan-shape, anterosuperior chest

23
Q

Pectoralis major: what joint does it cross and what is its primary action

A
  • crosses shoulder (glenohumeral) joint
  • action: prime mover of arm adduction; flexion and medial rotation of arm
24
Q

Latissimus dorsi

A
  • posterior muscle
  • broad, flat, triangular, lower back
  • O: lower 6 thoracic vertebrae, lumbar vertebrae, iliac crest
  • I: medical humerus (axilla area)
25
Q

Latissimus dorsi: what joint does it cross and what is its primary action

A
  • crosses the shoulder (glenohumeral) joint
  • action: prime mover of arm extension; prime mover of arm adduction (powerful); medially rotates arm
  • important during hammering, swimming, rowing, with arms extended upwards: pull body upwards- chin-ups
26
Q

Deltoid

A

thick, multipennate, forms rounded shoulder (anterior to posterior around shoulder)

27
Q

Deltoid: what joint does it cross and what is its primary action

A
  • crosses the shoulder (glenohumeral) joint
  • action: prime mover of arm abduction when all fibers contract simultaneously; antagonist of pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi (arm abductors)
  • anterior fibers: prime mover of arm flexion, rotate arm medially (become synergist of pectoralis major)
  • posterior fibers: prime mover of arm extension, lateral rotation
28
Q

Erector spinae

A

3 muscles: iliocostalis (lateral), longissimus (intermediate), spinalis (medial)

29
Q

Erector spinae: what happens if this muscle group is damaged

A
  • lifting a load or moving suddenly from bent-over position can injure erector spinae muscle
  • muscles can easily begin spasming after a back injury
30
Q

Abdominal wall muscles: identify the one that is most important during mobility

A
  • transversus abdominis: deepest abdominal muscle
  • fibers run horizontally
  • action: compress abdominal content
  • when 4 abdominal muscles contract simultaneously they compress abdominal content and increase intra-abdominal pressure
  • if airway closed this helps with urination, defecation, childbirth, sneezing, coughing, and burping
31
Q

Rotator cuff muscles

A
  • synergists and fixators
  • O: scapula
  • I: humerus
  • main function: reinforce capsule, prevent dislocation of humerus
32
Q

Rotator cuff muscles: what muscles are in this group

A
  1. Supraspinatus: abduction of arm
  2. Infraspinatus: prime mover for lateral arm rotation
  3. Teres minor: prime mover for medial arm rotation
  4. Subscapularis: prime mover for medial arm rotation
33
Q

Triceps brachii

A
  • only muscle of posterior arm compartment
  • large fleshy, three-headed origin
  • O: scapula, humerus x2 heads
  • I: olecranon of ulna
34
Q

Triceps brachii: primary action

A

prime mover of forearm extension (powerful) antagonist of forearm flexors

35
Q

Biceps brachii

A

two-headed muscle

36
Q

Biceps brachii: primary actino

A
  • Prime mover of elbow flexion and supination of forearm
  • bulges when forearm is flexed
37
Q

Brachialas

A
  • strongest arm flexor
  • deep to and stronger than biceps brachii
38
Q

Brachialis: primary action

A

major flexor of forearm, prime mover of elbow flexion

39
Q

Hamstring Muscles

A
  • fleshy, cross both hip and knee joint
  • pulled hamstring = common sports injury
40
Q

Hamstring muscles- what muscles are in this group

A
  1. Biceps femoris (I: fibula and tibia); has 2 heads (biceps)
  2. Semitendinosus (I: upper tibial shaft)
  3. Semimembranosus (I: tibia and femur)
40
Q

Hamstring muscles features

A
  • all have common origin: ischial tuberosity
  • prime movers of thigh extension and knee flexion
41
Q

Sartorius

A
  • longest muscle in the body
  • straplike, runs obliquely across anterior surface
  • crosses hip and knee joint
  • O: iliac spine (pelvis)
  • I: medial aspect of tibia
  • Actions: flex, abduct, laterally rotate thigh
42
Q

Sartorius: what sitting position is it used to create

A

helps produce the cross-legged position

43
Q

Gastrocnemius

A
  • has 2 heads
  • action = plantar flexion
44
Q

Gastrocnemius: insertion

A
  • Instersts into posterior calcaneus via calcaneal tendon
  • calcaneal tendon = achilles tendon, largest tendon in the body
45
Q

Respiratory muscles: diaphragm: primary action

A

prime mover of inspiration (breathing in), flattens on contraction
* most important muscle of inspiration
* forms partition between thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities

46
Q

Respiratory muscles: diaphragm: what happens when it is relaxed/contracts

A

Relaxed: dome shaped
When contracted: moves inferiorly and flattens to increase thoracic cavity volume (this action pulls air into lungs)

47
Q

Respiratory muscles: External and internal intercostals: action

A

pulls ribs toward one another, important in inspiration and forced exhalation

48
Q

External and internal intercostals: location

A
  • between ribs
  • external intercostals: superficial to internal intercostals. fibers run obliquely (downward and anteriorly)
  • internal intercostals: fibers run at right angles to external intercostals, downward and posteriorly
  • run in opposite directions
49
Q

External and internal intercostals: what do they connect

A

connects a superior rib to inferior rib

50
Q

What is considered the most powerful muscle in the body

A

quadriceps femoris

Anatomy and Physiology I (3 decks)

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