Chapter 15: The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance Flashcards

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1
Q

aneuploidy

A

A chromosomal aberration in which one or more chromosomes are present in extra copies or are deficient in number.

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2
Q

Barr body

A

A dense object lying along the inside of the nuclear envelope in cells of female mammals, representing a highly condensed, inactivated X chromosome.

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3
Q

chromosome theory of inheritance

A

A basic principle in biology stating that genes are located at specific positions (loci) on chromosomes and that the behavior of chromosomes during meiosis accounts for inheritance patterns.

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4
Q

crossing over

A

The reciprocal exchange of genetic material between nonsister chromatids during prophase I of meiosis.

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5
Q

cytogenetic map

A

A map of a chromosome that locates genes with respect to chromosomal features distinguishable in a microscope.

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6
Q

deletion

A

(1) A deficiency in a chromosome resulting from the loss of a fragment through breakage. (2) A mutational loss of one or more nucleotide pairs from a gene.

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7
Q

genetic map

A

An ordered list of genetic loci (genes or other genetic markers) along a chromosome.

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8
Q

genetic recombination

A

General term for the production of offspring with combinations of traits that differ from those found in either parent.

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9
Q

genomic imprinting

A

A phenomenon in which expression of an allele in offspring depends on whether the allele is inherited from the male or female parent.

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10
Q

hemophilia

A

A human genetic disease caused by a sex-linked recessive allele resulting in the absence of one or more blood-clotting proteins; characterized by excessive bleeding following injury.

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11
Q

inversion

A

An aberration in chromosome structure resulting from reattachment of a chromosomal fragment in a reverse orientation to the chromosome from which it originated.

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12
Q

linkage map

A

A genetic map based on the frequencies of recombination between markers during crossing over of homologous chromosomes.

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13
Q

map unit

A

A unit of measurement of the distance between genes. One map unit is equivalent to a 1% recombination frequency.

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14
Q

monosomic

A

Referring to a diploid cell that has only one copy of a particular chromosome instead of the normal two.

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15
Q

nondisjunction

A

An error in meiosis or mitosis in which members of a pair of homologous chromosomes or a pair of sister chromatids fail to separate properly from each other.

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16
Q

polyploidy

A

A chromosomal alteration in which the organism possesses more than two complete chromosome sets. It is the result of an accident of cell division.

17
Q

recombinant type (recombinant)

A

An offspring whose phenotype differs from that of the true-breeding P generation parents; also refers to the phenotype itself.

18
Q

sex-linked gene

A

A gene located on either sex chromosome. Most sex-linked genes are on the X chromosome and show distinctive patterns of inheritance; there are very few genes on the Y chromosome.

19
Q

translocation

A

(1) An aberration in chromosome structure resulting from attachment of a chromosomal fragment to a nonhomologous chromosome. (2) During protein synthesis, the third stage in the elongation cycle, when the RNA carrying the growing polypeptide moves from the A site to the P site on the ribosome. (3) The transport of organic nutrients in the phloem of vascular plants

20
Q

trisomic

A

Referring to a diploid cell that has three copies of a particular chromosome instead of the normal two.

21
Q

wild type

A

The phenotype most commonly observed in natural populations; also refers to the individual with that phenotype.

22
Q

X-linked genes

A

A gene located on the X chromosome; such genes show a distinctive pattern of inheritance.