Body Systems quiz Flashcards
sarcomere
one unit of a striated muscle; two chemicals: actin and myosin, which grabs on to actin - needs ATP and access but is blocked by tropomyosin, calcium is released from action potential nerve signals and moves tropomyosin; actin slides past myosin; sliding filament theory
z disks
a cross-striation bisecting the I band of striated muscle myofribils and serving as the anchoring point of actin filaments at either end of the sarcomere
skeletal or striated muscle
ex: bicep muscle
smooth muscle
involuntary muscle;
cardiac muscle
combo of both; looks striated but is found only in the heart; has inter collated disks which allow the transmission of electrical signals to wash over them, that’s how a heart is able to contract
Osmosis
diffusion of war across a semi-permeable membrane; flows from high concentration to a low concentration; requires no energy; reverse osmosis- squeeze in opposite direction - that’s how water is purified
hypertonic
ex: if you put a blood cell in sugary water then water is going to flow out; cells shrivel up
isotonic
an environment where the concentration in blood and outside the blood is the same; a movement of war but the blood cells are happy
hypotonic
ex: if you put a blood cell in distilled water then water is going to flow in; cells pop/lyse
osmoconformers
have same osmolarity as their surroundings; don’t have to regulate that; can get big swings that can affect the rest of the organism; ex: octopus
osmolarity
the concentration of solutes to water; is going to be the same on the outside as it inside
osmoregulators
ex: brine shrimp; have to regulate the amount of water inside them; live in a saltwater environment; water flows out of them; 30% of their metabolism goes to regulating this balance; fish in freshwater; salty area is inside fish; water flows into them and have dilute urine; saltwater fish have water that keeps flowing out and have to drink saltwater and have concentrated salty urine
kidney
empty urine into bladder; regulates osmolarity
nephron
inside of kidney; repeated over and over makes a kidney; blood flows into the glomerulus and then into the Bowman’s capsule which filters the blood; have proximal and distal tubules which is important for secretion and reabsorption
renal medulla
water is going to flow out and osmolarity increases; beginning concentration is around 300 milliosmoles and increases to 1200; sets up gradient; water is reclaimed because of capillaries outside
loop of Henle
on descending side - water is released
on ascending side - permeable to salt not water; salt is lost; goes from 1200 milliosmoles to 300
countercurrent exchange
collecting duct
has control over water; can decide whether we let that water out with ADH
antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
has us hold on to water; comes from posterior pituitary and when it interacts with collecting duct, it lets water through; water flows out and into capillaries and into interstitial fluid
nervous system
made up of neurons; dendrites come into cell bodies; has an axon; another neuron that is connected with a bunch of dendrites to a cell body; separation between the two neurons is called a synapse, which has control over the chemicals that we send; use it to do something really quick