Body Systems quiz Flashcards
sarcomere
one unit of a striated muscle; two chemicals: actin and myosin, which grabs on to actin - needs ATP and access but is blocked by tropomyosin, calcium is released from action potential nerve signals and moves tropomyosin; actin slides past myosin; sliding filament theory
z disks
a cross-striation bisecting the I band of striated muscle myofribils and serving as the anchoring point of actin filaments at either end of the sarcomere
skeletal or striated muscle
ex: bicep muscle
smooth muscle
involuntary muscle;
cardiac muscle
combo of both; looks striated but is found only in the heart; has inter collated disks which allow the transmission of electrical signals to wash over them, that’s how a heart is able to contract
Osmosis
diffusion of war across a semi-permeable membrane; flows from high concentration to a low concentration; requires no energy; reverse osmosis- squeeze in opposite direction - that’s how water is purified
hypertonic
ex: if you put a blood cell in sugary water then water is going to flow out; cells shrivel up
isotonic
an environment where the concentration in blood and outside the blood is the same; a movement of war but the blood cells are happy
hypotonic
ex: if you put a blood cell in distilled water then water is going to flow in; cells pop/lyse
osmoconformers
have same osmolarity as their surroundings; don’t have to regulate that; can get big swings that can affect the rest of the organism; ex: octopus
osmolarity
the concentration of solutes to water; is going to be the same on the outside as it inside
osmoregulators
ex: brine shrimp; have to regulate the amount of water inside them; live in a saltwater environment; water flows out of them; 30% of their metabolism goes to regulating this balance; fish in freshwater; salty area is inside fish; water flows into them and have dilute urine; saltwater fish have water that keeps flowing out and have to drink saltwater and have concentrated salty urine
kidney
empty urine into bladder; regulates osmolarity
nephron
inside of kidney; repeated over and over makes a kidney; blood flows into the glomerulus and then into the Bowman’s capsule which filters the blood; have proximal and distal tubules which is important for secretion and reabsorption
renal medulla
water is going to flow out and osmolarity increases; beginning concentration is around 300 milliosmoles and increases to 1200; sets up gradient; water is reclaimed because of capillaries outside
loop of Henle
on descending side - water is released
on ascending side - permeable to salt not water; salt is lost; goes from 1200 milliosmoles to 300
countercurrent exchange
collecting duct
has control over water; can decide whether we let that water out with ADH
antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
has us hold on to water; comes from posterior pituitary and when it interacts with collecting duct, it lets water through; water flows out and into capillaries and into interstitial fluid
nervous system
made up of neurons; dendrites come into cell bodies; has an axon; another neuron that is connected with a bunch of dendrites to a cell body; separation between the two neurons is called a synapse, which has control over the chemicals that we send; use it to do something really quick
endocrine system
like facebook- sends out to everybody and whoever wants to respond to it can;
gland
anything that sends out messages; send out chemicals called hormones
hormones
may target cells - ex: sending follicular stimulating hormone from the pituitary, it’s only going to affect the ovaries and testes; sending out growth hormone affects all cells
Water Soluble Hormone
Ex: epinephrine; They are going to dock with a protein on the surface of their cell and cannot gain entry to the cell. Some kind of signal transduction pathway to have some kind of an action or have another action inside the nucleus. Specific genes and proteins can then be made and transcribed. They dock with the receptor protein on the surface.
Lipid Soluble Hormone
Ex: Testosterone; It moves through lipid bilayer that is the cell membrane, and it also can target with the cell and move into the nucleus because there is a lipid bilayer here as well. They move all the way into the cell.
Pineal gland
This gland is located in the center of the brain and secretes the nighttime hormone melatonin. This sets our “body clock” known as the Circadian rhythm.
Hypothalamus
This is anatomical region acts as the connection between the brain and the endocrine system. It excretes hormones and affects the pituitary.
Anterior Pituitary
This gland gives off growth hormones, endorphins, follicular stimulating, and many others. The growth hormone floats throughout the body by means of the circulatory system or the interstitial fluid and causes our cells to grow.
Posterior Pituitary
This gland gives off oxytocin but more importantly antidiuretic hormone, aka ADH. This chemical goes to our kidneys, the organs that are in control of osmoregulation.
Thyroid
Located in the windpipe, this gland gives off T3 and T4 hormones, which speed up metabolism. The numbers relate to the number of iodine atoms that are found within it. The gland regulates metabolism. If the gland is hyperactive, you have a high metabolism, and you have a slow metabolism if you have an inactive thyroid. The gland also secretes calcitonin, which lowers blood calcium.
Goiter
This swelling of the neck occurs when the thyroid is inflamed.
Parathyroid
This hormone sits within the thyroid and secrete parathyroid hormones, which raises blood calcium.
Pancreas
This gland rests behind the stomach and empties enzymes into the duodenum. It has beta and alpha cells that secrete insulin and glucagon. Insulin is secreted when blood sugar needs to be lowered and glucagon when blood sugar needs to be raised. When glucagon is released, glucose is released from the glycogen that’s found in the liver.
Adrenal cortex
This gland sits on top of the kidneys secretes glucocorticoids, which helps with anti-inflammatory.
Adrenal medulla
This gland secretes epinephrine, which triggers to fight or flight response.
Ovary
These give off estrogen, which produces female sex characteristics.
Testes
These give off testosterone, which produces male sex characteristics.
Skin
This provides a barrier of dead cells and keratin on the top. It has a low pH, which makes it hard for any kind of bacteria to live there. Normal flora blocks out other bacteria. All of this provides protection against infection.
Inflammation
We have chemicals that are released that cause our body to respond to injury.
Acne
This is an infection in the pores of your skin.
Macrophages
These locate anything that is a foreign invader, or antigen, to the body and eat it. It’ll secrete lysosomes and enzymes into it, which break it up.
Specific immune response
the ability to produce these antibodies; you will not get the same cold twice
Antigen
antibody generator; can change shape so antibodies won’t recognize
Antibodies
proteins produced by our body; will dock to the antigen
B lymphocytes
This is a type of white blood cell that is made in the bone marrow. They are responsible for a humoral response and produce antibodies that are specific for the antigen. They attack the viruses outside our body.
Humoral
In the fluid, humers, blood, lymph material, lymph vessels, interstitial fluid
Naive B cell
This senses the shape of the antigen,
T Lymphocytes
This is inside the thymus gland and targets and kills (Killer T cell) the cells inside our body that are infected. It produces cell death.
MHC2
Major histocompatibility complex 2
T helper cell
This cell physically senses antigen shape with use of another protein called CD4; responsible for initiating both humoral and cell-mediated immune response. These cells are infected by HIV
