Chapter 15 Study Questions (Pt. 3) Flashcards
What is erythropoietin protein? (chemical composition)
sialic acid added to CHOs
What is erythropoietin protein? (origin and function)
a hormone produced by the kidneys that stimulates the production of red blood cells
how does EPO work? in other words, why would athletes use it?
release EPO = stimulate bone marrow to release more RBCs = bind more O2 = more endurance
why is EPO a bad vitamin for cyclists? (2)
- increased RBC volume can lead to a stroke
- cheating!
how can increased RBC volume lead to a stroke?
too many red blood cells can thicken the blood, making it more likely to clot and block an artery. this can lead to a stroke.
what does EPO stand for?
erythropoietin
how is recombinant EPO used in illegal blood doping distinguished from endogenous EPO? (short and long answer)
short: comparing glycosylation pattern
long: same amino acids, different carbohydrate pattern
what makes carbon monoxide so dangerous ?
electron cloud is more accessible to iron for CO than O2.
so, iron binds with higher affinity to CO than to O2.
hemoglobin becomes saturated with CO, and no oxygen.
no oxygen is a problem!
where is CO2 produced in the body? and from what process?
tissue.
TCA/ Citric Acid Cycle.
what is the Haldane effect?
CO2 reacts with Hb to form carb-amino-Hb -> O2 is released.
basically, property of hemoglobin that allows it to carry more CO2 when it’s not carrying O2.
why is the Haldane effect important?
allows the blood to carry more carbon dioxide from the tissues to the lungs, where it can be exhaled.
what are the three ways that CO2 is transported in the blood?
- as bicarbonate ions
- bound to hemoglobin
- CO2 as gas (dissolved in the plasma)
describe this way that CO2 is transported in the blood: as bicarbonate ions
CO2 + H2O <-> H2CO3 (carbonic acid) <-> lose proton, form anion: H+ + HCO3- (bicarbonate)
most CO2 gets transported out of the body as bicarbonate!
which of the three methods transports the most CO2?
bicarbonate > bind to hemoglobin > CO2 as gas
what is the role of bicarbonate in the body?
buffering system
what does a buffering system refer to?
quick change in pH
describe this way that CO2 is transported in the blood: CO2 as gas
CO2 diffuses into the bloodstream as a gas and drifts around the bloodstream
describe this way that CO2 is transported in the blood: CO2 binds to hemoglobin
Haldane effect
why is it essential to remove CO2 from the body?
CO2 combines with water to make carbonic acid. if blood becomes too acidic it can lead to respiratory acidosis, which is bad.
