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PSYC 1105 > Chapter 15: Stress > Flashcards

Chapter 15: Stress Flashcards

1
Q

Define Stress (Lecture Definition)

A

The result of a perceived discrepancy between a required demand and the available resources.

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2
Q

What are the 4 CAUSES of stress?

A

Pressure Frustration Conflict Danger

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3
Q

What are the 3 types of conflict?

A

approach-approach, avoidance-avoidance, approach-avoidance

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4
Q

What is an approach-avoidance type of conflict?

A

When you are being asked to decide between different options with both advantages AND disadvantages.

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5
Q

What is the difference between approach-approach and approach-avoidance conflicts?

A

Approach-Approach: equally good options

Avoidance-avoidance: equally bad options

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6
Q

There are 5 kinds of stressor categories outlined in the textbook. What are they?

A

Daily hassle, life events, chronic negative events, traumatic events, special socio-cultural conditions

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7
Q

What are the two main pathways for the physiological response to stress?

A

The sympathetic nervous system pathway and the HPA axis pathway.

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8
Q

Explain the sympathetic stress response pathway?

A

The SNS activates the medulla which releases (no)epinephrine which sends the body into a state of alarm. Very fast.

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9
Q

Explain the HPA axis pathway

A

Hypothalamus stimulates the Pituitary gland which makes ACTH to stimulate the Adrenal gland to make cortisol increasing the levels of energy in the body. Takes a couple minutes.

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10
Q

What is the name of the stress scale measuring life events?

A

Social Readjustment Scale

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11
Q

Explain the basic mechanisms of the Social Readjustment Scale

A

Researchers made a list of (primarily) negative and positive life events with appropriate points, and made tiers of stress levels depending on how many points a participant earns.

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12
Q

What are some groups which would be affected differently for the same life events.

A

People of different socioeconomic backgrounds would experience the same life events differently. Different age groups experience different life events.

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13
Q

What are the 3 stages of the General Adaptation Syndrome?

A

Alarm Resistance Exhaustion

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14
Q

What characterizes the Resistance level in the General Adaptation Syndrome?

A

The body is at an elevated rate of arousal but is stabilized, can last up to years.

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15
Q

In the General Adaptation Syndrome, what are the two stages with the lowest level of arousal?

A

Alarm and Exhaustion.

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16
Q

What kind of emotional responses arise from stress?

A

Primarily negative ones.

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17
Q

What are the 3 stages of a cognitive response to stress.

A

Primary appraisal, secondary appraisal, response.

18
Q

What is the difference between primary and secondary appraisal?

A

Primary appraisal evaluates the problem while secondary appraisal evaluates our resources.

19
Q

What are the four areas of individuality affecting the stress response?

A

autonomic reactivity, explanatory style, personality, social support.

20
Q

How does autonomic reactivity play into the difference in stress response.

A

Autonomic sympathetic systems may be more intense or sensitive depending on the person affecting how often and how much they get stressed.

21
Q

How does one’s explanatory style influence the stress response?

A

Optimistic people feel less stress while pessimistic people feel more.

22
Q

What are the three personality types

A

Types A, B, C

23
Q

Which two personality types are less resistant to stress?

A

Types B, C

24
Q

What characterizes type C personality?

A

They have a hard time acknowledging their feelings and turn their emotions inward. This can leave them vulnerable to stress as they can find themselves unable to manage it.

25
Q

How does social support positively play into stress?

A

Provides emotional and practical support to mitigate the perceived impacts of stress.

26
Q

What are the 3 maladaptive ways.

A

Lashing out, self-defense, self-indulgence.

27
Q

How can repressive coping behaviour be maladaptive?

A

Defensive coping usually fails at completely repressing feelings of stress. Repressing often masks stress rather than eliminating it.

28
Q

What is usually the outcome of lashing out.

A

Expressions of anger usually cause further lashing out.

29
Q

What are the two main categories of constructive coping?

A

Emotion-focused and problem focused.

30
Q

Which type of constructive coping is usually best for chronic stresses?

A

Emotion-coping, especially if the problem can never be addressed.

31
Q

How does stress relate to Coronary Heart Disease.

A

The negative emotions usually resulting from stresses CORRELATE with an increase in CHD.

32
Q

How do life changes relate to illnesses?

A

The stresses related to life changes increase the likelyhood of catching illnesses.

33
Q

How does stress affect the immune system?

A

Affect the ability of lymphocytes to operate leading to a slowing down of the immune system.

34
Q

How no norepinephrine relate to stress and the immune system?

A

The hormone increases immune system functioning during periods of low stress but slows it down during higher and continuing periods of stress.

35
Q

How does cortisol relate to health and stress?

A

Cortisol stimulates an increase of cytokines to help fight infections, but over extended periods of time these cause inflammations.

36
Q

Does cortisol affect immune system functioning?

A

Yes, it slows the immune system during extended periods of stress.

37
Q

How does personality relate to immune system functioning?

A

More optimistic or Type A personalities feel the effects of stress less, harming their immune system less.

38
Q

What are the three benefits to stress?

A

Promotes positive development. Small levels of stress can inoculate you against higher levels. Can motivate you to accomplish a task.

39
Q

What is the relationship between the level of stress and the difficulty of a task?

A

It is an inverse relationships. Complex tasks benefit from low level of stress and vice versa.

40
Q

What are the symptoms of PTSD?

A

Reactive, sensitive emotions and dissociation.

41
Q

What can make a person more vulnerable to PTSD?

A

Previous difficult life situations and/or psychological disorders.

PSYC 1105 (7 decks)

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