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PSYC 1105 > Chapter 1: Psychology Yesterday and Today > Flashcards

Chapter 1: Psychology Yesterday and Today Flashcards

1
Q

What is the definition of psychology?

A

The study of mental processes and behaviours.

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2
Q

What is a mental process?

A

Brain activity.

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3
Q

What is a behaviour?

A

An individual’s observable actions.

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4
Q

What are the 4 purposes of psychology?

A

Description Explanation Prediction Control

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5
Q

What are the 3 levels in which psychological processes occur?

A

The brain, the individual and the group.

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6
Q

What is analyzed at the level of the brain?

A

How brain structure and biology in affected within mental processes.

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7
Q

What is analyzed at the level of the individual?

A

How the content of an individual’s mental processes form and influence behaviour.

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8
Q

What is analyzed at the level of the group?

A

How behaviour is shaped by social and cultural environments.

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9
Q

Where does psychology find its roots?

A

Philosophy.

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10
Q

What view does ancient philosophy and modern psychology share to this day?

A

The idea that theories are never final but can instead always be improved.

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11
Q

How did Hippocrates explain process and behaviours?

A

Hippocrates believed behaviours were influenced by the 4 different humors.

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12
Q

Who made the first lab of Psychology?

A

William Wundt.

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13
Q

What “field” if psychology did Wundt found?

A

Voluntarism.

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14
Q

What process did Voluntarism use to conduct experiments?

A

Exposing participants to simple, standardized, repeatable situations and asking them to make detailed observations?

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15
Q

What was Voluntarism attempting to observe?

A

The contents and processes of consciousness.

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16
Q

What school of psychology did Titchener found?

A

Structuralism?

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17
Q

What what Structuralism trying to uncover?

A

The structure or the material of consciousness.

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18
Q

What was the scientific process of Structuralism?

A

Introspection, the careful evaluation of mental processes and how they expand simple thoughts into complex ideas.

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19
Q

What was the main opposition to Structuralism?

A

Structuralism was only focused on gathering knowledge for the sake of it and had no functional purpose.

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20
Q

What school of Psychology did William James found?

A

Functionalism.

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21
Q

What was the main purpose of Functionalism?

A

Of discovering the functions or purpose of the mind. What it can and does accomplish.

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22
Q

How did Functionalists expand research?

A

By being open to the idea of research on animals, children and persons with mental disorders.

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23
Q

How did Functionalists view the mind?

A

As an ever-changing stream of mental events. A stream of consciousness.

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24
Q

What idea is Gestalt psychology based on?

A

The idea that we have inborn tendencies to impose structure on what we see. The focus on the Whole.

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25
Q

What maxim characterizes Gestalt psychology?

A

“The whole is greater than the sum of its parts.”

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26
Q

Who popularized psychoanalysis?

A

Sigmund Freud.

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27
Q

What part of the mind did Psychoanalysts focus on?

A

The unconscious.

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28
Q

What is the basis of Psychoanalytic theory.

A

That human mental processes are influenced by the COMPETITION between unconscious forces to come into awareness.

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29
Q

What is the root of unconscious impulses according to Freud?

A

In childhood.

30
Q

What is the founding logic behind Behaviourism?

A

The belief that psychology should study only behaviours that are directly observable rather than abstract mental processes.

31
Q

What did early Behaviourists focus their experiments on.

A

On the relationship between Stimuli and Responses.

32
Q

What phenomenon did Pavlov popularize.

A

Conditioning.

33
Q

What is the difference between positive and negative reinforcement?

A

Positive reinforcement is a reward for doing something well while negative reinforcement is the removal of an aversive stimuli upon good behaviour.

34
Q

What was the scientific process advocated By B.F. Skinner?

A

First the collection of observable information to then base theory and causation upon.

35
Q

What is a central idea to Behaviourists?

A

Consequences resulting from a particular behaviour serves to either INCREASE OR DECREASE THE LIKELIHOOD that an individual will perform that same behaviour again in the future.

36
Q

What is the difference between reinforcement and punishment?

A

Reinforcement increases the likelihood while punishment decreases the likelihood of a behaviour happening again.

37
Q

What did Albert Bandura prove which strayed from the conditioning theory?

A

That children seem to often learn from social observation or modeling instead than reward or punishment.

38
Q

What did Bandura also prove that was opposite to early Behaviourism?

A

That people could learn without any apparent changes to their behaviour.

39
Q

What did Humanistic psychology try to focus more on?

A

It sought to give greater prominence to the special and unique features of human functioning.

40
Q

What did Humanistic psychology claim in regards to human beings.

A

That all human beings have potential for creativity, positive outlook, and the pursuit of happiness. That by fulfilling our full potential, we will lead a positive life of psychological growth.

41
Q

What is self-actualization?

A

Self-fulfillment and full potential.

42
Q

What are the key features of Client-Centered Therapy?

A

Therapists and clients should have an equal level of respect. Therapists should provide unconditional support and positive regard to clients in order to nurture a fulfilling relationship.

43
Q

What was the relationship of Humanistic in regards to Behaviourism and Psychoanalysis?

A

Humanistic sought to complete their ideas as opposed to stand in opposition to both.

44
Q

What is the goal of Cognitive Psychology?

A

To effectively measure mental processes.

45
Q

How does Cognitive Psychology Consider the human mind?

A

As an information processor, like a computer.

46
Q

What does Cognitive Psychology focus on?

A

The functioning of cognitive mechanisms instead of their content.

47
Q

What defines Cultural Psychology?

A

The interest in how cognitive processing may vary across different populations.

48
Q

What is the purpose of Neuroscience?

A

To explain psychological functions by looking at biological foundations such as structure and brain activity. The smallest building blocks of consciousness.

49
Q

How did early neuroscientists study in their field?

A

By observing the behaviours of people and animals with damaged brain regions.

50
Q

What is split-brain research?

A

Observations of animals or people who had the connections between two brain hemispheres already severed.

51
Q

What is the field of focus of Behavioural Genetics?

A

The influence of genes on cognition and behaviour?

52
Q

What is the field of focus of Sociobiology?

A

The idea that humans have an innate concept of how social behaviours should be organized.

53
Q

What is the field of focus of Evolutionary Psychology?

A

The idea that body and brain are largely a product of evolution, that successful psychological traits are passed down through generations.

54
Q

What is a main goal of Evolutionary psychology?

A

Cultural universality, universal human behaviours which help identify inborn functions common to everyone.

55
Q

What is the major emphasis of Psychoanalysis?

A

Interactions between the conscious and unconscious mind govern virtually all behaviour. Childhood experiences set the stage for later psychological functioning.

56
Q

What is the major emphasis of Behaviourism?

A

Only observable behaviour can be studied scientifically. Perspective focuses on stimulus-response relationships and the consequences for behaviours.

57
Q

What is the major emphasis of Humanist Psychology?

A

People can be helped to realize their full and grand potential, which will inevitable lead to their positive psychological growth.

58
Q

What is the major emphasis of Cognitive Psychology?

A

Mental processes are studied using an information processing model (input/output.)

59
Q

What is the major emphasis of Neuroscience?

A

Psychological functions are explained primarily in terms of their biological foundations.

60
Q

What is the major emphasis of Evolutionary Psychology?

A

Behaviour and mental processes are explained in terms of evolution, inheritance and adaptation.

61
Q

What are the 3 branches of psychology?

A

Academic, Applied, Counseling.

62
Q

What is Academic Psychology?

A

The research and instruction of Psychology.

63
Q

What is Applied Psychology?

A

The application of psychological principles to practical problems.

64
Q

What is Clinical Psychology?

A

The study of abnormal psychological behaviours and their interventions designed to change that.

65
Q

What does a clinic psychologist do?

A

Administer psychotherapy and order psychological tests.

66
Q

What does a counseling psychologist/psychiatric social worker do.

A

Administer psychotherapy and also look at the social systems which impact proper psychological functioning.

67
Q

What does a psychiatrist do?

A

Also psychotherapy but can prescribe medication.

68
Q

What are the 4 shared values of psychology?

A

Psychology is: Theory-Driven, Empirical, Multilevel, Contextual.

69
Q

What are the 3 outlined growing trends in psychology?

A

Growing Diversity, Advances in Technology, New Schools of Thought

70
Q

How can Growing Diversity in the field influence Cultural Psychology?

A

By driving a deeper appreciation of the difference between Individualistic and Collectivist cultures.

71
Q

How can Technology help the field of Psychology?

A

By allowing us to observe Brain Functioning more directly. This helps promote intersection between schools of thought.

72
Q

What is a relatively new school of thought that is gaining prominence?

A

Positive Psychology which has more of a focus on the positive aspects of brain functioning.

PSYC 1105 (7 decks)

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