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PSYC 1105 > Chapter 1: Psychology Yesterday and Today > Flashcards

Chapter 1: Psychology Yesterday and Today Flashcards

1
Q

What is the definition of psychology?

A

The study of mental processes and behaviours.

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2
Q

What is a mental process?

A

Brain activity.

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3
Q

What is a behaviour?

A

An individual’s observable actions.

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4
Q

What are the 4 purposes of psychology?

A

Description Explanation Prediction Control

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5
Q

What are the 3 levels in which psychological processes occur?

A

The brain, the individual and the group.

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6
Q

What is analyzed at the level of the brain?

A

How brain structure and biology in affected within mental processes.

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7
Q

What is analyzed at the level of the individual?

A

How the content of an individual’s mental processes form and influence behaviour.

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8
Q

What is analyzed at the level of the group?

A

How behaviour is shaped by social and cultural environments.

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9
Q

Where does psychology find its roots?

A

Philosophy.

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10
Q

What view does ancient philosophy and modern psychology share to this day?

A

The idea that theories are never final but can instead always be improved.

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11
Q

How did Hippocrates explain process and behaviours?

A

Hippocrates believed behaviours were influenced by the 4 different humors.

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12
Q

Who made the first lab of Psychology?

A

William Wundt.

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13
Q

What “field” if psychology did Wundt found?

A

Voluntarism.

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14
Q

What process did Voluntarism use to conduct experiments?

A

Exposing participants to simple, standardized, repeatable situations and asking them to make detailed observations?

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15
Q

What was Voluntarism attempting to observe?

A

The contents and processes of consciousness.

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16
Q

What school of psychology did Titchener found?

A

Structuralism?

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17
Q

What what Structuralism trying to uncover?

A

The structure or the material of consciousness.

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18
Q

What was the scientific process of Structuralism?

A

Introspection, the careful evaluation of mental processes and how they expand simple thoughts into complex ideas.

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19
Q

What was the main opposition to Structuralism?

A

Structuralism was only focused on gathering knowledge for the sake of it and had no functional purpose.

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20
Q

What school of Psychology did William James found?

A

Functionalism.

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21
Q

What was the main purpose of Functionalism?

A

Of discovering the functions or purpose of the mind. What it can and does accomplish.

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22
Q

How did Functionalists expand research?

A

By being open to the idea of research on animals, children and persons with mental disorders.

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23
Q

How did Functionalists view the mind?

A

As an ever-changing stream of mental events. A stream of consciousness.

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24
Q

What idea is Gestalt psychology based on?

A

The idea that we have inborn tendencies to impose structure on what we see. The focus on the Whole.

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25
What maxim characterizes Gestalt psychology?
"The whole is greater than the sum of its parts."
26
Who popularized psychoanalysis?
Sigmund Freud.
27
What part of the mind did Psychoanalysts focus on?
The unconscious.
28
What is the basis of Psychoanalytic theory.
That human mental processes are influenced by the COMPETITION between unconscious forces to come into awareness.
29
What is the root of unconscious impulses according to Freud?
In childhood.
30
What is the founding logic behind Behaviourism?
The belief that psychology should study only behaviours that are directly observable rather than abstract mental processes.
31
What did early Behaviourists focus their experiments on.
On the relationship between Stimuli and Responses.
32
What phenomenon did Pavlov popularize.
Conditioning.
33
What is the difference between positive and negative reinforcement?
Positive reinforcement is a reward for doing something well while negative reinforcement is the removal of an aversive stimuli upon good behaviour.
34
What was the scientific process advocated By B.F. Skinner?
First the collection of observable information to then base theory and causation upon.
35
What is a central idea to Behaviourists?
Consequences resulting from a particular behaviour serves to either INCREASE OR DECREASE THE LIKELIHOOD that an individual will perform that same behaviour again in the future.
36
What is the difference between reinforcement and punishment?
Reinforcement increases the likelihood while punishment decreases the likelihood of a behaviour happening again.
37
What did Albert Bandura prove which strayed from the conditioning theory?
That children seem to often learn from social observation or modeling instead than reward or punishment.
38
What did Bandura also prove that was opposite to early Behaviourism?
That people could learn without any apparent changes to their behaviour.
39
What did Humanistic psychology try to focus more on?
It sought to give greater prominence to the special and unique features of human functioning.
40
What did Humanistic psychology claim in regards to human beings.
That all human beings have potential for creativity, positive outlook, and the pursuit of happiness. That by fulfilling our full potential, we will lead a positive life of psychological growth.
41
What is self-actualization?
Self-fulfillment and full potential.
42
What are the key features of Client-Centered Therapy?
Therapists and clients should have an equal level of respect. Therapists should provide unconditional support and positive regard to clients in order to nurture a fulfilling relationship.
43
What was the relationship of Humanistic in regards to Behaviourism and Psychoanalysis?
Humanistic sought to complete their ideas as opposed to stand in opposition to both.
44
What is the goal of Cognitive Psychology?
To effectively measure mental processes.
45
How does Cognitive Psychology Consider the human mind?
As an information processor, like a computer.
46
What does Cognitive Psychology focus on?
The functioning of cognitive mechanisms instead of their content.
47
What defines Cultural Psychology?
The interest in how cognitive processing may vary across different populations.
48
What is the purpose of Neuroscience?
To explain psychological functions by looking at biological foundations such as structure and brain activity. The smallest building blocks of consciousness.
49
How did early neuroscientists study in their field?
By observing the behaviours of people and animals with damaged brain regions.
50
What is split-brain research?
Observations of animals or people who had the connections between two brain hemispheres already severed.
51
What is the field of focus of Behavioural Genetics?
The influence of genes on cognition and behaviour?
52
What is the field of focus of Sociobiology?
The idea that humans have an innate concept of how social behaviours should be organized.
53
What is the field of focus of Evolutionary Psychology?
The idea that body and brain are largely a product of evolution, that successful psychological traits are passed down through generations.
54
What is a main goal of Evolutionary psychology?
Cultural universality, universal human behaviours which help identify inborn functions common to everyone.
55
What is the major emphasis of Psychoanalysis?
Interactions between the conscious and unconscious mind govern virtually all behaviour. Childhood experiences set the stage for later psychological functioning.
56
What is the major emphasis of Behaviourism?
Only observable behaviour can be studied scientifically. Perspective focuses on stimulus-response relationships and the consequences for behaviours.
57
What is the major emphasis of Humanist Psychology?
People can be helped to realize their full and grand potential, which will inevitable lead to their positive psychological growth.
58
What is the major emphasis of Cognitive Psychology?
Mental processes are studied using an information processing model (input/output.)
59
What is the major emphasis of Neuroscience?
Psychological functions are explained primarily in terms of their biological foundations.
60
What is the major emphasis of Evolutionary Psychology?
Behaviour and mental processes are explained in terms of evolution, inheritance and adaptation.
61
What are the 3 branches of psychology?
Academic, Applied, Counseling.
62
What is Academic Psychology?
The research and instruction of Psychology.
63
What is Applied Psychology?
The application of psychological principles to practical problems.
64
What is Clinical Psychology?
The study of abnormal psychological behaviours and their interventions designed to change that.
65
What does a clinic psychologist do?
Administer psychotherapy and order psychological tests.
66
What does a counseling psychologist/psychiatric social worker do.
Administer psychotherapy and also look at the social systems which impact proper psychological functioning.
67
What does a psychiatrist do?
Also psychotherapy but can prescribe medication.
68
What are the 4 shared values of psychology?
Psychology is: Theory-Driven, Empirical, Multilevel, Contextual.
69
What are the 3 outlined growing trends in psychology?
Growing Diversity, Advances in Technology, New Schools of Thought
70
How can Growing Diversity in the field influence Cultural Psychology?
By driving a deeper appreciation of the difference between Individualistic and Collectivist cultures.
71
How can Technology help the field of Psychology?
By allowing us to observe Brain Functioning more directly. This helps promote intersection between schools of thought.
72
What is a relatively new school of thought that is gaining prominence?
Positive Psychology which has more of a focus on the positive aspects of brain functioning.

PSYC 1105 (7 decks)

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