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intro to psychology > chapter 15 psychological disorders > Flashcards

chapter 15 psychological disorders Flashcards

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1
Q

demonic model

A

view of mental illness in which behaving oddly, hearing voices, or talking to oneself was attributed to evil spirits infesting the body

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2
Q

medical model

A

view of mental illness as a result of a physical disorder requiring medical treatment

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3
Q

asylum

A

institution for people with mental illnesses created in the 15th century

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4
Q

deinstitutionalization

A

the governmental policy of the 1960s and 1970s that focused on releasing hospitalized psychiatric patients into the community and closing mental hospital

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5
Q

interrater reliability:

A

the extent to which different raters (such as different psychologists) agree on patients’ diagnoses

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6
Q

labeling theorists

A

scholars who argue that psychiatric diagnoses exert powerful negative effects on people’s perceptions and behaviors

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7
Q

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders

A

(DSM)diagnostic system containing the American Psychiatric Association (APA) criteria for mental disorders”

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8
Q

prevalence

A

percentage of people within a population who have a specific mental disorder

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9
Q

comorbidity

A

co-occurrence of two or more diagnoses within the same person

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10
Q

categorical model

A

model in which a mental disorder differs from normal functioning in kind rather than degree

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11
Q

dimensional model

A

model in which a mental disorder differs from normal functioning in degree rather than kind

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12
Q

medical students’ syndrome

A

As medical students first become familiar with the symptoms of specific diseases, they often begin to focus on their bodily processes

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13
Q

involuntary commitment

A

procedure of placing some people with mental illnesses in a psychiatric hospital or another facility based on their potential danger to themselves or others or their inability to care for themselves.

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14
Q

insanity defense

A

Legal defense proposing that people shouldn’t be held legally responsible for their actions if they weren’t of “sound mind” when committing them.

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15
Q

somatic symptom disorder

A

condition marked by excessive anxiety about physical symptoms with a medical or purely psychological origin.

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16
Q

illness anxiety disorder

A

condition marked by intense preoccupation with the possibility of a serious undiagnosed illness.

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17
Q

generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)

A

continual feelings of worry, anxiety, physical tension, and irritability across many areas of life functioning.

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18
Q

phobia

A

intense fear of an object or a situation that’s greatly out of proportion to its actual threat.

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19
Q

agoraphobia

A

fear of being in a place or situation from which escape is difficult or embarrassing or in which help is unavailable in the event of a panic attack.

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20
Q

social anxiety disorder

A

intense fear of negative evaluation in social situations.

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21
Q

posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

A

marked emotional disturbance after experiencing or witnessing a severely stressful event.

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22
Q

obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)

A

condition marked by repeated and lengthy (at least one hour per day) immersion in obsessions, compulsions, or both.

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23
Q

obsession

A

persistent idea, thought, or urge that is unwanted, causing marked distress

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24
Q

compulsion

A

repetitive behavior or mental act performed to reduce or prevent stress.

25
Q

catastrophizing

A

is a core feature of anxious thinking People catastrophize when they predict terrible events—such as contracting a life-threatening illness from turning a doorknob—despite their low probability

26
Q

hompophones

A

words that sound the same but have two different meanings and spellings

27
Q

anxiety sensitivity

A

fear of anxiety-related sensations.

28
Q

major depressive episode

A

state in which a person experiences a lingering depressed mood or diminished interest in pleasurable activities, along with symptoms that include weight loss and sleep difficulties.

29
Q

learned helplessness

A

tendency to feel helpless in the face of events we can’t control.

30
Q

manic episode

A

experience marked by dramatically elevated mood, decreased need for sleep, increased energy, inflated self-esteem, increased talkativeness, and irresponsible behavior

31
Q

bipolar disorder

A

condition marked by a history of at least one manic episode.

32
Q

psychache

A

agonizing psychological pain

33
Q

personality disorder

A

condition in which personality traits, appearing first in adolescence, are inflexible, stable, expressed in a wide variety of situations, and lead to distress or impairment.

34
Q

borderline personality disorder

A

condition marked by extreme instability in mood, identity, and impulse control

35
Q

dissociative disorder

A

condition involving disruptions in consciousness, memory, identity, or perception”

36
Q

depersonalization/derealization

A

disordercondition marked by multiple episodes of depersonalization, derealization, or both.

37
Q

dissociative amnesia

A

inability to recall important personal information—most often related to a stressful experience—that can’t be explained by ordinary forgetfulness.

38
Q

dissociative fugue

A

sudden, unexpected travel away from home or the workplace, accompanied by amnesia for significant life events

39
Q

antisocial personality disorder (ASPD)

A

condition marked by a lengthy history of irresponsible or illegal actions.

40
Q

Yerkes–Dodson law

A

describes a well-established psychological principle: an inverted U-shaped relationship between arousal on the one hand and mood and performance on the other. As this law reminds us, people who are habitually under aroused experience stimulus hunger

41
Q

dissociative identity disorder (DID)

A

condition characterized by the presence of two or more distinct personality states that recurrently take control of the person’s behavior.

42
Q

schizophrenia

A

severe disorder of thought and emotion associated with a loss of contact with reality.

43
Q

dementia praecox

A

meaning psychological deterioration in youth.

44
Q

delusion

A

strongly held fixed belief that has no basis in reality.

45
Q

psychotic symptom

A

psychological problem reflecting serious distortions in reality.

46
Q

hallucination

A

sensory perception that occurs in the absence of an external stimulus.

47
Q

Command hallucinations

A

which tell patients what to do (“Go over to that man and tell him to shut up

48
Q

Capgras syndrome

A

Belief that a familiar person has been replaced by an imposter

49
Q

Fregoli delusion

A

-that different people are actually the same person in disguise

50
Q

Clinical lycanthropy

A

Belief that one has turned into a wolf or has the ability to do so

51
Q

Cervanthropy

A

Belief that one has turned into a deer.

52
Q

Truman Show delusion

A

Belief that one is being filmed and the films are being viewed by others, as depicted in the 1998 movie The Truman Show starring Jim Carrey

53
Q

Folie à deux

A

French for the “folly of two” a person in a close relationship induces the same delusion in his or her partner (e.g., the government is poisoning their food). Rare cases of folie a deux in identical twins, folie a trois (involving three people), and folie a famille (involving an entire family) have also been reported

54
Q

Somatoparaphrenia

A

Unawareness of a body part, such as a limb (or an entire side of the body), or the belief that it belongs to another person.

55
Q

Cotard delusion

A

Belief that one is dead

56
Q

echolalia

A

repeat a phrase in conversation in a parrotlike manner,”

57
Q

expressed emotion (EE)—

A

that is, criticism, hostility, and overinvolvement

58
Q

diathesis-stress model

A

perspective proposing that mental disorders are a joint product of a genetic vulnerability, called a diathesis, and stressors that trigger this vulnerability.

intro to psychology (10 decks)

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