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intro to psychology > Chapter 10 > Flashcards

Chapter 10 Flashcards

Human Development

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1
Q

Developmental Psychology

A

Study of how behavior changes over life

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2
Q

Nature

A

our genetic endowment

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3
Q

Nurture

A

The environments we encounter

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4
Q

gene–environment interaction:

A

In many cases, the effects of genes depend on the envi-ronment and vice versa.

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5
Q

nature via nurture

A

tendency of individuals with certain genetic predispositions to seek out and create environments that permit the expression of those predispositions.

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6
Q

gene expression

A

activation or deactivation of genes by environmental experiences throughout development

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7
Q

epigenetics

A

the study of changes in organisms caused by modification of gene expression rather than alteration of the genetic code itself

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8
Q

longitudinal design

A

research design that examines development in the same group of people on multiple occasions over time

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9
Q

cohort effect

A

effect observed in a sample of participants that results from individuals in the sample growing up at the same time

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10
Q

cross-sectional design

A

research design that examines people of different ages at a single point in time

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11
Q

attrition

A

patients dropping out of a study before its completed

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12
Q

poc hoc

A

reference to the fallacious assumption that the occurrence in question has a logical relationship with the event it

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13
Q

post hoc fallacy

A

easy to assume that things that occur early in development cause things that come later.

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14
Q

unidirectional explanations

A

: those that attempt to explain development in terms of a one-headed arrow.

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15
Q

prenatal

A

prior to birth

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16
Q

zygote

A

fertilized egg

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17
Q

blastocyst

A

ball of identical cells early in pregnancy that haven’t yet begun to take on any specific function in a body part

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18
Q

embryo

A

second to eighth week of prenatal development, during which limbs, facial features, and major organs of the body take form

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19
Q

fetus

A

second to eighth week of prenatal development, during which limbs, facial features, and major organs of the body take form

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20
Q

proliferation

A

Between the 18th day of pregnancy and the end of the 6th month, neurons begin devel-oping at an astronomical rate, a process called

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21
Q

3 stage prenatal development

A
  • germinal stage
  • embryonic stage
  • fetus stage
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22
Q

development can be disrupted in four ways

A

(1) premature birth
(2) low birth weight
(3) exposure to hazardous environmental influences, and (4) biological influences resulting from genetic disorders or errors in cell duplication during cell division

23
Q

teratogenan

A

environmental factor that can exert a negative impact on prenatal development

24
Q

fetal alcohol syndrome

A

condition resulting from high levels of prenatal alcohol exposure, causing learning disabilities, physical growth retardation, facial malformations, and behavioral disorders

25
Q

motor behavior

A

bodily motion that occurs as a result of self-initiated force that moves the bones and muscles

26
Q

adolescence

A

the transition between childhood and adulthood commonly associated with the teenage years

27
Q

puberty

A

the achievement of sexual maturation resulting in the potential to reproduce

28
Q

primary sex characteristic

A

a physical feature such as the reproductive sex organs

29
Q

secondary sex characteristic

A

a sex-differentiating characteristic that doesn’t relate directly to reproduction, such as breast enlargement in women and deepening voices in men

30
Q

menarche

A

start of menstruation

31
Q

cognitive development

A

study of how children acquire the ability to learn, think, reason, communicate, and remember

32
Q

stagelike

A

changes in understanding (sudden spurts of knowledge following periods of stability)

33
Q

continuous

A

(gradual, incremental) changes in understanding

34
Q

domain general

A

changes in children cognitive skills affect most or all areas of cognitive function in tandem.

35
Q

domain specific

A

children development skills develop independently and at different rates across different domains, such as reasoning, language, and counting.

36
Q

(PIAGET) equilibration

A

children maintaining a balance between their experience of the world and their understanding of it

37
Q

(PIAGET)children use two processes

A

—assimilation and accommodation

—to keep their thinking about the world in tune with their experiences

38
Q

assimilation

A

Piagetian process of absorbing new experience into current knowledge structures

39
Q

accommodation

A

Piagetian process of altering a belief to make it more compatible with experience

40
Q

scaffolding

A

Vygotskian learning mechanism in which parents provide initial assistance in children’s learning but gradually remove structure as children become more competent

41
Q

zone of proximal development

A

phase of learning during which children can benefit from instruction

42
Q

object performance

A

children don’t understand objects still exist when they’re out of view

43
Q

theory of mind

A

ability to reason about what other people know or believe

44
Q

stranger anxiety

A

a fear of strangers developing at eight or nine months of age

45
Q

temperament

A

basic emotional style that appears early in development and is largely genetic in origin”

46
Q

attachment

A

the strong emotional connection we share with those to whom we feel closest

47
Q

contact comfort

A

positive emotions afforded by touch

48
Q

average expectable environment

A

“average expectable environment that provides children with basic needs for affection and discipline”

49
Q

self-controlability

A

to inhibit an impulse to act

50
Q

identity

A

our sense of who we are, as well as our life goals and priorities

51
Q

psychosocial crisis

A

dilemma concerning an individual’s relations to other people

52
Q

midlife crisis

A

supposed phase of adulthood characterized by emotional distress about the aging process and an attempt to regain youth”

53
Q

empty-nest syndrome

A

alleged period of depression in mothers following the departure of their grown children from the home”

intro to psychology (10 decks)

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