Chapter 15 Plant and Animal Extinction

Question 1

Extinction Causes

Answer 1

Habitat Destruction
Invasive Species
Human Behavior
Specialization
Un-naturalization of Fire
Low Reproductive Rates
Non-Adaptive Behavior

Question 2

is not necessarily an island surrounded by water, but is an area of land, isolated by natural or artificial means from the surrounding land, where a natural micro-habitat exists amidst a larger differing ecosystem.

Answer 2

ecological islands

Question 3

an umbrella term describing the complete process by which habitat loss results in the division of large, continuous habitats into a greater number of smaller patches of lower total area, isolated from each other by a matrix of dissimilar habitats

Answer 3

Habitat Fragmentation

Question 4

the total number of genetic characteristics in the genetic makeup of a species. It is distinguished from genetic variability, which describes the tendency of genetic characteristics to vary. serves as a way for populations to adapt to changing environments.

Answer 4

genetic diversity

Question 5

biological systems – individuals and populations – are different over space. Each gene pool includes various alleles of genes. brought about, fundamentally, by mutation, which is a permanent change in the chemical structure of chromosomes.

Answer 5

genetic variation

Question 6

THE DEMISE

of most or all of an entire group of animals

Answer 6

Faunal Collapse

Question 7

Botanical gardens use climate-controlled facilities to provide the requirements for some plants, which propagate viable populations of plants that have gone locally extinct in the wild

Answer 7

Zoo-Botanical Approach

Question 8

Protection of individual species.

Answer 8

Species Approach

Question 9

Conservation of whole ecosystems including the habitat and all of the organisms that exist in that region.

Answer 9

Ecosystem Approach

Question 10

the manipulation of the physical, chemical, or biological characteristics of a site with the goal of returning the majority of natural functions to the lost or degraded native habitat.

Answer 10

Habitat Restoration

Question 11

species is one that the rest of the community depends upon, ensures that the backbone of an ecosystem is sustained.

Answer 11

Keystone Species

Question 12

Requires that the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service identify species that are endangered or threatened.
Once a species is classified as endangered it has full legal protection under the act.
Violators can be fined up to $20,000 and imprisoned for a year.
It bans the importation of endangered species or their products.
It prohibits federal projects on areas deemed critical to the survival of endangered species.

Answer 12

The Endangered Species Act of 1973

Question 13

CITES

Answer 13

Convention on International Trade in

Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora

Question 14

aimed at creating incentives and assurances for the private sector to participate in sponsorship of habitat conservation plans. landholders would not be held liable for endangered species if unforeseen circumstances occured that had not been negotiated

Answer 14

”No Surprise” policy

Question 15

leads the implementation of the Santa Clara Valley Habitat Plan (Habitat Plan). The Habitat Plan is a 50-year regional plan to protect endangered species and natural resources while allowing for future development in Santa Clara County. In 2013 the Habitat Plan was adopted by all local participating agencies and permits were issued from the US Fish and Wildlife Service and California Department of Fish and Wildlife. It is both a habitat conservation plan and natural community conservation plan

Answer 15

The Santa Clara Valley Habitat Agency

Question 16

permit issued under Section 10 of the United States Endangered Species Act (ESA) to private, non-federal entities undertaking otherwise lawful projects that might result in the take of an endangered or threatened species.

Answer 16

Incidental Take Permit

Question 17

a required part of an application for an Incidental Take Permit, a permit issued under the United States Endangered Species Act (ESA) to private entities undertaking projects that might result in the destruction of an endangered or threatened species.

Answer 17

habitat conservation plans

Question 18

Plaintiffs challenged a commercial timber company’s HCP and 50 year permits (Fruit Growers Supply Co.,
FGS) covering take of Northern Spotted Owl (NSO) and Salmon on applicant’s private lands intermingled with Forest Service lands. On April 3, 2015, the district court held that the ITP issued by FWS and NMFS were arbitrary and capricious

Answer 18

Klamath-Siskiyou Wildlands Ctr. v. NOAA