Chapter 10 Sustainable Water Issues and Sustainability

Question 1

Water that infiltrated into the soil –percolates downward through the pores and fractures in soil and rocks–Stored in slowly flowing, slowly regenerated underground reservoirs called aquifers•Impermeable surfaces replenishment•Subsidence saltwater infiltration

Answer 1

Groundwater

Question 2

•Precipitation that does not infiltrate the ground or return to the atmosphere –At least not right away•Streams•Lakes•Wetlands•Reservoirs

Answer 2

Surface Water

Question 3

begins with the evaporation of water from the surface of the ocean. As moist air is lifted, it cools and water vapor condenses to form clouds. Moisture is transported around the globe until it returns to the surface as precipitation.

Answer 3

hydrological cycle

Question 4

is the process of a substance in a liquid state changing to a gaseous state due to an increase in temperature and/or pressure. is a fundamental part of the water cycle and is constantly occurring throughout nature.

Answer 4

Evaporation

Question 5

Water distribition

Answer 5

Agriculture–41%
Industrial– 38%
Public-10%

Question 6

What causes water shortages?

Answer 6

Unequal natural distribution compared to demand
•Increasing demand–Population–Lifestyle 
•Groundwater overdraft
•Evaporation
•Drought (and climate change)

Question 7

the transport of water from one region to another through pipelines and canals, to provide water to water short regions.

Answer 7

Water diversion

Question 8

Over pumping of aquifer
Removal of vernal ponds
Wastewater recharge

Answer 8

Subsidence

Question 9

Why water shortages?

Answer 9

Unequal natural distribution compared to demand
Increasing demand
Population
Lifestyle 
Groundwater overdraft
Evaporation
Drought (and climate change)

Question 10

3 major causes of ocean pollution

Answer 10

Sewage dumping, toxic waste and refuse dumping, oil spills

Question 11

desalinization
salt resistant/drought tolerant crops
dams/aqueducts
conservation

Answer 11

methods of water sustainability

Question 12

the concentration of toxins in an organism as a result of its ingesting other plants or animals in which the toxins are more widely disbursed.

Problems for humans
Exposure to PCBs in womb can lead to birth defects
Mercury

Answer 12

Biomagnification

Question 13

The flow of chemical elements and compounds between living organisms and the physical environment. Chemicals absorbed or ingested by organisms are passed through the food chain and returned to the soil, air, and water by such mechanisms as respiration, excretion, and decomposition.

Answer 13

Biogeochemical cycling

Question 14

Depends on wind,
current, temperature,
moisture sources

Answer 14

Water cycling

Question 15

the upper level of the zone of saturation

Answer 15

water table

Question 16

an underground body of water that forms by the the downward movement of water through the zone of saturation filling the spaces, pores, and cracks

Answer 16

aquifer

Question 17

the escape of water from a plant through pores in it’s leaves, draws nutrients from the soil up through the stem to the leaves

Answer 17

transpiration

Question 18

rainfall and snowmelt that seeps down through the soil

Answer 18

infiltration

Question 19

when water seeps from the ground surface directly above the aquifer.

Answer 19

unconfined aquifer

Question 20

when an impermeable dirt/rock layer exists that prevents water from seeping into the aquifer from the ground surface located directly above.

Answer 20

confined aquifer

Question 21

well from which water flows under natural pressure without pumping.

Answer 21

artesian well

Question 22

A layer of porous material (rock or unconsolidated sediment); in an aquifer, the layer through which water freely passes as it moves through the subsurface.

Answer 22

permeable layer

Question 23

A layer of solid material, such as rock or clay, which does not allow water to pass through.

Answer 23

impermeable layer

Question 24

the movement of saline water into freshwater aquifers, which can lead to contamination of drinking water sources and other consequences

Answer 24

saltwater intrusion

Question 25

what causes aquifer depletion

Answer 25

saltwater intrusion
subsidence
sinkholes

Question 26

cavity in the ground, especially in limestone bedrock, caused by water erosion and providing a route for surface water to disappear underground.

Answer 26

sinkhole

Question 27

the gradual caving in or sinking of an area of land.

Answer 27

subsidence

Question 28

water is released into a field and then gradually flows downslope, topsoil must be carefully prepared

Answer 28

sheet irrigation

Question 29

flooding fields with irrigation water which stands in the fields for several months

Answer 29

flood irrigation

Question 30

water drawn from laterals by siphon tubes and empty into furrows between crop rows

Answer 30

furrow irrigation

Question 31

used on fields with slopes or in flatlands with deep wells

Answer 31

sprinkler irrigation

Question 32

used in orchards and vineyards where crops are permanent delivered through perforated or porous plastic pipes

Answer 32

drip irrigation

Question 33

when soil receives too much moisture

Answer 33

waterlogging

Question 34

build up of salt in the soil becoming toxic to crops

Answer 34

salinization

Question 35

3 types of watershed management

Answer 35

regional planning
pollution control
flood planning