Chapter 15 - Organizational change Flashcards
What are the factors that can be changed in organizations?
Goals and strategies
technology
Job design
structure
process
culture
branding
people
what is a big technology change
moving onto socialmedia use
What are some things changes in structure can change?
Formalization and centralization
tallness
spans of control
networking
modifications in rules
what is the most difficult thing to change
culture which is considered a fundamental aspect of organization change
What are the 2 senses a membership(people) of an organization can be changed?
content of the membership through the hiring process (for new blood)
existing membership can be changed (in terms of skills and attitudes )
what changes require a change of people?
Changes in goals
strategies
technology
structure
process
job design
culture
What are a 3 stages the change process include?
Unfreeze
Change
Refreeze
When does unfreezing occure?
when current situation is unsatisfactory.
this will result in a drop in sales, klawsuit, strikes
what can we use to make a best out of unfreezing?
employee attitude surveys
customer surveys
financial data
a vision will be most effective
what is change?
when some programs implemented to move the organization to a more satisfactory state.
give examples for change
minor change - simple skill training program, revised hiring procedure
Major change- extensive job enrichment, radical restructuring serious attempts at empowering the workforce
what are the three factors that has to be present for a change to occur?
capability to change, opportunity to change, motivation to change
What is refreezing?
the new developed behaviors must become an ongoing aspect of the organization
what are the two basic sources of pressure to change?
external goals
internal goals
what are some organization factors that can be
goals and strategies
job design
structure
culture
What is the main learning event?
covid 19 pandemic - retaurat takeout change, e commerce WFH
What is organization learning?
process through which organizations acquire, develop, retain and transfer knowledge throughout the organization.
What are 2 primary methods of organizational learning?
knowledge aquisition
knowledge development - generating new knowledge thorugh dialog and experience
What is LEARNING ORGANIZATION?
an organization that has systems and processes for creating, aquiring, retaining and transferring knowledge to modify and change its activities to reflect new knowledge and insights
What are the four key dimensions that are critical for a learning organization?
vision/support - leaders clear vision about orgs vision that should shared
culture - that support learning , risk taking suported
Learning system/dynamics - “learning by doing: is encouraged
Knowledge management./ infastracture - systems to aquire, code, store and distributie important info and knowledge so it is available to who needs.
What is more potent determinant of organizational learning?
Failure as it stimulates for greater information search and aquisition
What about learning organizations?
better able to transform themselves of their greater capacity for acquiring, retaining and transferring knowledge.
What are the issues under change process?
diagnosis (unfreeze)
resistance(unfreeze and change)
evaluation and institutionalization(refreeze)
What is diagnosis
Diagnosis is the systematic collection of info relevent to impending org change
provide information that contributed to unfeezing by showing that a problem exist
further can suggest what changes should be implemented
Who are the experts in application of behavioral science knowledge to organizational diagnosis and change?
Change agents - internal in larger firms
How to obtain information for diagnostic information?
interviews, questionairs, observations and scrutiny of records
What is the downfall of this?
some companies imitate the change programs of their competitors or other visible firms without doing a careful diagnosis of their own specific needs
What is resistance?
people may resist to both unfreezing and refreezing
at the unfreezing stage, defence mechanisms misght be activated to deny or rationalize the signals that change is needed.
why does failure of supports that leads to resistance occur?
politics and self-interest
low confidence
low individual tolerance for change
lack of trust
defence assesments of the situation
strong emotions
strong organizational identification
a resistant organizations culture
What are the two major themes that underlies many of these reasons for resistance?
change in unnecessary because there is only small gap between the organization’s current and ideal identity
change is unobtainable because the gap between the current and ideal is big
SHOWS THAT MODETRATE IDENTITY GAP IS THE BEST
what is the link between time and resistance?
it is critical to foster positive perceptions for change early and sustain them overtime.
How to deal with resistance?
low tolerance is individual matter, to avoid supportive and patient supervision is important
what leadertype is particularly adept at overcoming resistance to changge
transformational leaders
What is evaluation and institutionalization
evaluation changes to determine whether they have accomplished what they were suppose to and whether that is now considered adequate
factors used for thorough evaluation by considering range of variables?
Reactions - did participants like the change program?
learnings - what knowledge was acquired in the program
behavior - what changes in job behavior occured?
outcomes - indicate whether refreezing is useful for the organization
