Chapter 15: Med Surg & Childhood Diseases Flashcards
how is HIV transmitted?
infected blood, semen, vaginal secretions, and breast milk
risk by needle stick
high viral load, deep puncture, needle with hollow bore and visible blood, device used for venous or arterial access, or pt who dies within 60 days after you’ve been exposed
what is HIV?
RNA virus (retrovirus) goes from RNA to DNA, during reverse transcriptase all daughter cells are effected since genetic material is duplicated and viral DNA in the genome will allow HIV to replicate
viremia
initial infection with large amounts of it in blood
normal CD4 count
800-1200, normal life is 100 days, but in HIV it’s about 2 days
HIV CD4 cells
immune issues develop when levels are <200 (opportunistic diseases develop at this time)
Acute infection
seroconversion occurs (when HIV antibodies form) and is often accompanied by swollen lymph glands, sore throat, headache, malaise, nausea, joint pain, diarrhea, and rash, high viral load is noted (lasts for few weeks-months)
early chronic infection
about 11 years, seen as asymptomatic although fatigue, headache, low grade fever are noted, t cells are 500+ & viral load is low
intermediate chronic infection
t cells drop to 200-500 and viral load is high, persistent fever, night sweats, chronic diarrhea, fatigue, oropharyngeal candidiasis (thrush), shingles, vaginal candidiasis, herpes, oral hairy leukoplakia
late chronic infection
AIDS, T cells <200, opportunistic infection occurs, wasting syndrome, AIDS dementia complex, opportunistic cancer may be present
oral hairy leukoplakia
painless, white, raised lesions on the lateral aspect of tongue
how much of a delay before HIV antibodies can be detected?
2 months- window period refers to the time between infection and development of antibodies, can still transmit disease!
rapid HIV-antibody test
results available in 20 minutes, if positive, need to be confirmed by western blot
genotype assay
detects drug-resistant viral mutations that are present in reverse transcriptase and protease genes- very helpful in deciding new drug combinations for patients who do not respond to therapy
phenotype assay
measures the growth of HIV in various concentrations of antiretroviral drugs- very helpful in deciding new drug combinations for patients who do not respond to therapy
ART
should be used in combination and not alone, because resistance develops rapidly, decreases viral load up to 90%
if a patient is asymptomatic, but is positive for HIV, when should you treat?
when t cells are less than 350, recommend treatment if t cells are 350-500
health promotion
prevent HIV and detect HIV early, educate!
acute intervention
promote health and limit disability & manage problems caused by HIV
ambulatory and home care
maximize quality of life and resolve life and death issues
what if I am exposed to HIV at work?
postexposure prophylaxis (PEP) measures should be taken- ART therapy based on extent of exposure, volume of exposure, and the status of pt
negative effects of ART
prolonged use can cause fat deposits in tummy, upper back, breasts, and arms, legs, face due to lipodystrophy, hyperlipidemia, insulin resistance and hyperglycemia, bone disease, lactic acidosis, and cardiovascular disease
bacteria
enter the cell and grow inside human cells or secrete toxins that damage cells
viruses
do not have cellular structure, only reproduce in living organism
fungi
similar to plants, lack chlorophyll, usually localized, but can spread in immunocompromised pt
protozoa
single celled, animal like microorganisms that live in soil and bodies of water
prions
infectious particles that contain abnormally shaped proteins and typically affect the nervous system
highest risk for HAIs
surgery pt, immunocompromised, elderly
chickenpox clinical manifestations
slight fever, malaise, and anorexia for the first 24 hours, rash is very itchy, rapidly progresses from macule to papule to vesicle, sparse on distal limbs
chickenpox therapeutic management
Acyclovir (Zovirax), antihistamines to relieve itching, maintain standard, airborne, and contact precautions, don’t use aspirin
diphtheria clinical manifestations
nasal- resembles common cold with serosanguineous nasal discharge; tonsil- malaise, anorexia, sore throat, smooth & adherent white or gray membrane, bulls neck; laryngeal- fever, hoarseness, dyspnea, cyanosis
diphtheria therapeutic management
Equine antitoxin IV preceded by skin test to rule out sensitivity to horse serum, penicillin G, bed rest, follow standard and droplet precautions until 2 cultures are negative
erythema infectiosum clinical manifestations
“fifth disease”, slapped cheek rash for 1-4 days, after 1 day after the rash goes away maculopapular spots appear on upper and lower extremities, then the rash subsides but reappears if skin is irritated
erythema infectiosum therapeutic management
antipyretics, anti-inflammatory, possible blood transfusion if aplastic anemia (rash absent, fever, myalgia, tummy pain present), arthritis more common in older women, no isolation required unless suspected of HPV
exanthema subitum clinical manifestations
“roseola”, persistent high fever for 3-4 days, drop in fever with rash, rash is discrete rose pink macules first on trunk, then spreading to neck and face and extremities, nonpruitic, fades on pressure
exanthema subitum therapeutic management
nonspecific, recurrent seizures r/t latent infection of CNS so teach parents precautions, teach parents how to lower temperature
measles clinical manifestations
“rubeola”, fever and malaise followed by cough, koplik spots (small, irregular spots with a bluish white center seen on buccal mucosa opposite molars 2 days before rash), rash appears 3-4 days after initial onset starts on face and goes down
measles therapeutic manifestion
childhood immunization, vit A supplementation, bed rest, antibiotics to prevent secondary infection, maintain isolation until 5th day of rash, institute droplet precautions, keep skin clean use tepid baths as necessary
mumps clinical manifestations
fever, head and anorexia for 24 hours followed by earache, by third day parotid glands enlarge and are accompanied by pain and tenderness
mumps therapeutic management
childhood immunization, maintain isolation during period of communicability (before and after swelling), rest, encourage fluids and soft, bland foods, hot or cold compresses to neck, to relieve orchitis provide tight fitting pants
pertussis clinical manifestations
“whooping cough”, begins as upper respiratory infection, symptoms continue for 1-2 weeks when dry, hacking cough becomes more severe, cough more at night, severity lasts about 4-6 weeks
pertussis therapeutic management
immunization tdap, maintain isolation, institute droplet precaution in beginning, adequate oxygenation, humidified oxygen, standard precautions and mask
poliomyelitis clinical manifestations
abortive- fever, uneasiness, sore throat, tummy pain lasting for hours to few days; nonparalytic- same as abortive, but more severe with pain in neck, back, and legs; paralytic- similar to nonparalytic, but recovery occurs and then CNS paralysis
poliomyelitis therapeutic management
mild sedatives to relieve anxiety, physiotherapy (moist hot packs and ROMs), promote early ambulation, observe for respiratory paralysis (difficulty talking, ineffective cough, inability to hold breath, shallow and rapid respirations)
rubella clinical manifestations
“german measles”, absent in children, present in adults and adolescents, low grade fever, headache, 1-5 days and subsides 1 day after rash appears, first appears on face and rapidly spreads down to neck, arms, etc, by end of first day entire body is covered with discrete, pinkish red maculopapular rash gone by third day
rubella therapeutic management
benign nature of illness in child, avoid pregnant women
scarlet fever clinical manifestations
abrupt high fever, pulse increased, headache, chills, tonsils enlarged, first 1-2 days tongue is coated with papillae and is white strawberry tongue, by fourth or fifth day the white coat sloughs off and is red strawberry tongue
scarlet fever therapeutic management
standard and droplet precautions until 24 hours after initiation of tx, peniciilin G, avoid irritating liquids and rough foods, consult doctor if fever persists after therapy begins, discard toothbrush, avoid sharing drinks
bacterial conjunctivitis clinical manifestations
“pink eye”, purulent drainage, crusting of eyelids, swollen lids
bacterial conjunctivitis therapeutic management
topical antibiotics, fluoroquinolones in children over the age of 1, ointments not used in the day because they obstruct vision, keep the eye clean, wipe inner canthus downward and outward away from opposite eye
stomatitis clinical manifestations
inflammation of oral mucosa, infectious or not infectious, local or systemic, aphthous- canker sore for 4-12 days, herpetic- fever, pharynx edematous, lesions on lips
stomatitis therapeutic management
relief of pain, prevention of spread, frequent mouth care, careful handwashing, keep fingers out of mouth
reye syndrome clinical manifestations
toxic encephalopathy associated with organ involvement, impaired coagulation, fever, impaired consciousness, decreased hepatic fx, profuse vomiting, personality changes, diagnosis established by liver biopsy, do not give children under 16 aspirin!!
reye syndrome therapeutic management
early diagnosis and aggressive therapy, watch intake and output to watch for dehydration and cerebral edema, do not use aspirin or pepto bismol, check all prescriptions and OTC drugs for use of salicylates