Chapter 15 Haloalkanes Flashcards
What is the naming rule when two or more halogens are present in a structure?
Listed in alphabetical order
What are nucleophiles?
An atom or group of atoms that is attracted to an electron deficient carbon atom, where it donates a pair of electrons to form a new covalent bond
Why do haloalkanes attract nucleophiles?
Haloalkanes contain a polar carbon-halogen bond and that carbon becomes slightly positive and attracts species containing lone pairs of electrons
What are some examples of nucleophiles?
- Hydroxide ions
- Water molecules
- Ammonia molecules
What is nucleophilic substitution?
When a haloalkane reacts with a nucleophile and the nucleophile repleaces the halogen in a substitution reaction
What is hydrolysis?
A chemical reaction involving water or an aqueous solution of a hydroxide that causes the breaking of a bond in a molecule
What is an organohalogen compound?
A molecule that contains at least one halogen atom joined to a carbon chain
What are the main uses of organohalogen compounds?
Mainly used in pesticides
What is the ozone layer?
Found at the outer edge of the stratosphere and absorbs most of the biologically damaging ultraviolet radiation (UV-B) from the sun’s rays
How is ozone created?
Very high energy UV breaks oxygen molecules into oxygen radicals
A steady state is set up involving O2 and the oxygen radicals which forms ozone and then breaks down continually
How do CFC’s deplete the ozone layer?
Once the CFCs are in the stratosphere, UV rad provides sufficient energy to break the carbon-halogen bonds and create halogen radicals via homolytic fission
The halogen radical is a very reactive intermediate and will react with ozone molecules breaking it down into oxygen
The cataylst gets regenerated and goes on to attack another ozone molecule
