chapter 15-cancer Flashcards
2 major dysfunctions in the process of cancer development:
defective cell ______
defective cell _______
proliferation
differentiation
proliferation is another word for what?
growth
stem cells are _________ until they become mature and become functioning cells of only that tissue
undifferentiated
stem cells are undifferentiated until they become _______
mature
_________ keep cells functioning normally
protooncogenes
mutations in protooncogenes that alter expression can activate them to function as ________
oncogenes
normal neutrophil count:
___-____%
54-75
low neutrophil count is concerning bc it puts pt at risk for ______
sepsis
______ puts pts at risk for sepsis
neutropenia
if platelets fall below ________ pts is at risk for serious bleeding
50,0000
administer platelet infusions when platelets fall below ______
20,000
_____ _____ factor used to reduce the risk of neutropenia
WBC growth factor
WBC growth factors used to reduce the risk of _______
neutropenia
labs prior to chemo :
check pts ______ count
WBC
administer _____ before chemo
antiemetic—-zofran
_______ is used to treat nausea
compazine
_________ is the generic name for compazine
prochloperazine
normal hematocrit:
males— _____-____
females—-_____-____
40-50
35-45
normal hemaglobin:
males–____-_____
females—- ____-______
14-17.3
11-15.5
normal albumin levels:
____-____
4-6
_______ precautions used for pts on chemo
neutropenic
PPE for neutropenic precautions
gloves
gown
mask
what type of room will a pt on neutropenic precautions have?
private room
myleosuppression causes reduction in _____ and _______
RBCs
WBCs
myleosuppression s/s:
_______
_______
_______
anemia
neutropenia
thrombocytopenia
TPN is a _______ IV bolus solution
hypertonic
TPN usually administer through a ______ ______
central line
TPN is indicated if pt has weight loss greater that ___% of body weight
10
TPN administered if pt is _____ status
NPO
TPN administered if pt is unable to eat or drink for more than ______ days
5
how often should TPN tubing and solution be changed?
every 24 hours
assess ______ _____ every 4-6 hours for first 24 hours of TPN administration
blood glucose
what lab is assessed to evaluate if a pt still needs TPN?
serum albumin
testicular cancer most common in pts ages ____-____
15-34
high cure rate with early detection of _________ cancer
testicular
testicular cancer causes _____ _____ on testicle
painless lump
most cancers are _________
acquired
UV radiation associated with ________ and ______ and _______ cell carcinoma
melanoma
squamous and basal cell
cancer spreading to localized sites is called ________
invasivness
cancer spreading to multiple sites is called _______
metastasis
_____ ___ cells kill tumor cell directly and produce cytokines
cytotoxic T
_______ _____ cells and activated _______ break down tumor cells
natural killer
macrophages
____ cells make antibodies that bind to tumor cells
B
elevated carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) found in _____ of the liver
cirrhosis
rise in CEA levels after chemo or radiation may indicate what?
the reoccurrence or spread of the cancer
what clinical stage of cancer is this:
abnormal cells are localized and show no tendency to invade or metastasize to other tissues
0
what clinical stage of cancer is this:
tumor is limited to tissue of origin
1
what clinical stage of cancer is this:
cancer has grown, but hasn’t spread past tissue of origin
II
what clinical stage of cancer is this:
multiple sites are involved—extensive regional and local spread
III
what clinical stage of cancer is this:
metastasis
IV
in the TNM classification system what does T stand for?
tumor size and invasiveness
in the TNM classification system what does N stand for?
spread to lymph nodes
in the TNM classification system what does M stand for?
metastasis
gold standard to assess extent of cancer is _____ ______
PET scan
________ is the most common side effect of chemo
myleosuppression
______ transplantation is when stem cells are acquired from a donor who is a HLA match to the recipient
allogenic
______ transplantation involves obtaining stem cells from one identical twin and infusing them into the other
synergeneic
_____ transplantation is when a pt receives their own cells back after myleoablative chemo
autologous
_____ _____ ___ disease major concern if pt had allogenic transplantation
graft vs host
______ primary cause of death in cancer pts
infection
another word for altered taste sensation
dyguesia
testicular cancer can be cured with a combo of _______, ______, and ______
surgery
chemo
radiation
instruct pt at risk for neutropenia to call dr if temp is ____ or greater
100.4 F
