Chapter 15 Flashcards
The urinary system filters wastes from the blood. What is exactly been filtered from the blood?
urine
What does the urinary system excrete?
water
nitrogenous
other solute wastes
Amino acid is converted to —- which is converted to —— which is filtered out by —– to urine.
ammonia
urea
kidneys
What acid is formed from the breakdown of nucleic acids?
Uric acid
Urinary system removes excess water and what other?
sodium , chloride, potassium, calcium, hydrogen ions
water soluble vitamins (vitamin c)
What are the organs of the urinary system?
kidneys
ureters
urinary bladder
urethra
What do the kidneys include?
cortex
medulla
renal pelvis
Which organ of the urinary system transports urine from renal pelvis to bladder?
ureters
Which organ stores urine? how many ml? who can store more, men or women? why?
urinary bladder
up to 600-1000ml
men store more
because no uterus
Which organ carries the urine from body and has two sphincters to control flow? What are the sphincters made of?
urethra
made of smooth muscle and other one from skeletal muscle
Women that have SHORTER urethra suffer from what?
more bladder infections
How many liters of blood fluid enter nephrons daily?
180 liters
What are the 3 steps that occur at the nephron?
filtration
reabsorption
tubular secretion
Blood to be filtered enters the kidneys via the ———.
renal artery
Renal artery branches into many ———- arterioles, each of which has one ———.
afferent
glomerulus
At the beginning of filtration, blood pressure at the glomerulus is very low or very high?
very high
Blood fluid is squeezed out. of the glomerulus into the ————–.
glomerular capsule (start of the nephron)
What cannot be squeezed out of the glomerulus?
large items in blood like red blood cells, white blood cells, large proteins
Many things that were squeezed out at the glomerulus are then reabsorbed by the —————–
peritubular capillaries
Name the things that are squeezed out of glomerulus and reabsorbed by the peritubular capillaries. Mention percentages if needed.
All: amino acids, glucose, bicarbonate ions
99%: water, sodium, chloride ions
93%: potassium ion
Tubular reabsorption: returns —– and needed —— that were squeezed out of glomerulus back to blood
water
solutes
Mention how each of sodium , chloride, and water diffuse.
Sodium by active transport (low concentration of sodium in tubule cells–> sodium diffuses in)
Chloride passively accompanies sodium
water diffuses by osmosis
High sodium diets cause?
high blood pressure
Greater retention of water in blood vessels causes?
higher blood pressure
Certain substances actively or passively move from the peritubular capillaries —- into the nephron
back
the kidneys play a key role in ?
regulating the body’s pH
Certain substances actively or passively move from the peritubular capillaries back into the nephron Include:
penicillin, some pesticides, some preservatives, hydrogen ions, urea, ammonium, potassium ions, cocaine, marijuana
the filtered blood leaves via the ———–.
renal vein
Urine can be ?
diluted or concentrated
Which hormone influences permeability of the collecting dust and distal tubule?
Antidiuretic hormone
More ADH –> permeable collecting duct / distal tubule –> more water retained by kidneys –>?
concentrated urine
Less ADH –> impermeable collecting duct / distal tubule –> more water lost from kidneys –>?
dilute urine
What does alcohol do to ADH?
interferes with ADH secretion meaning more water loss
What does caffeine do?
interferes with sodium reabsorption meaning more water loss.
Diuretics promote water —- (through urination), and may be useful in treating —- blood pressure
loss
high
Which muscle is the internal urethral sphincter made of?
smooth muscle
Which muscle is the external urethral sphincter made of? Is it under conscious or unconscious control?
skeletal muscle
under our conscious control
Which sphincter do the stretch receptors relax when there are high amounts of urine?
internal urethral sphincter
In kidney stones, what are the excess mineral that crystallize in renal pelvis and may block ureters?
uric acid
calcium
magnesium
Kidney stones is especially painful to men or women?
men
What can prevent kidney stones?
drinking lots of water
What are the treatments of kidney stones in past and present?
past: surgery
present: ultrasound lithotripsy
Kidney failure is when? and is due to
not enough nephrons working due to high blood pressure and diabetes
What are therapies of kidney failure?
dialysis
kidney transplant
What can help with urinary tract infections?
antibiotics and drinking acidic juices
In urinary tract infections, what enter the urethra and can extend up the urinary tract up to the kidneys?
bacteria
