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BIO 103 > Chapter 15 > Flashcards

Chapter 15 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

The urinary system filters wastes from the blood. What is exactly been filtered from the blood?

A

urine

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2
Q

What does the urinary system excrete?

A

water
nitrogenous
other solute wastes

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3
Q

Amino acid is converted to —- which is converted to —— which is filtered out by —– to urine.

A

ammonia
urea
kidneys

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4
Q

What acid is formed from the breakdown of nucleic acids?

A

Uric acid

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5
Q

Urinary system removes excess water and what other?

A

sodium , chloride, potassium, calcium, hydrogen ions

water soluble vitamins (vitamin c)

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6
Q

What are the organs of the urinary system?

A

kidneys
ureters
urinary bladder
urethra

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7
Q

What do the kidneys include?

A

cortex
medulla
renal pelvis

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8
Q

Which organ of the urinary system transports urine from renal pelvis to bladder?

A

ureters

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9
Q

Which organ stores urine? how many ml? who can store more, men or women? why?

A

urinary bladder
up to 600-1000ml
men store more
because no uterus

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10
Q

Which organ carries the urine from body and has two sphincters to control flow? What are the sphincters made of?

A

urethra

made of smooth muscle and other one from skeletal muscle

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11
Q

Women that have SHORTER urethra suffer from what?

A

more bladder infections

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12
Q

How many liters of blood fluid enter nephrons daily?

A

180 liters

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13
Q

What are the 3 steps that occur at the nephron?

A

filtration
reabsorption
tubular secretion

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14
Q

Blood to be filtered enters the kidneys via the ———.

A

renal artery

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15
Q

Renal artery branches into many ———- arterioles, each of which has one ———.

A

afferent

glomerulus

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16
Q

At the beginning of filtration, blood pressure at the glomerulus is very low or very high?

A

very high

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17
Q

Blood fluid is squeezed out. of the glomerulus into the ————–.

A

glomerular capsule (start of the nephron)

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18
Q

What cannot be squeezed out of the glomerulus?

A

large items in blood like red blood cells, white blood cells, large proteins

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19
Q

Many things that were squeezed out at the glomerulus are then reabsorbed by the —————–

A

peritubular capillaries

20
Q

Name the things that are squeezed out of glomerulus and reabsorbed by the peritubular capillaries. Mention percentages if needed.

A

All: amino acids, glucose, bicarbonate ions
99%: water, sodium, chloride ions
93%: potassium ion

21
Q

Tubular reabsorption: returns —– and needed —— that were squeezed out of glomerulus back to blood

A

water

solutes

22
Q

Mention how each of sodium , chloride, and water diffuse.

A

Sodium by active transport (low concentration of sodium in tubule cells–> sodium diffuses in)
Chloride passively accompanies sodium
water diffuses by osmosis

23
Q

High sodium diets cause?

A

high blood pressure

24
Q

Greater retention of water in blood vessels causes?

A

higher blood pressure

25
Q

Certain substances actively or passively move from the peritubular capillaries —- into the nephron

A

back

26
Q

the kidneys play a key role in ?

A

regulating the body’s pH

27
Q

Certain substances actively or passively move from the peritubular capillaries back into the nephron Include:

A

penicillin, some pesticides, some preservatives, hydrogen ions, urea, ammonium, potassium ions, cocaine, marijuana

28
Q

the filtered blood leaves via the ———–.

A

renal vein

29
Q

Urine can be ?

A

diluted or concentrated

30
Q

Which hormone influences permeability of the collecting dust and distal tubule?

A

Antidiuretic hormone

31
Q

More ADH –> permeable collecting duct / distal tubule –> more water retained by kidneys –>?

A

concentrated urine

32
Q

Less ADH –> impermeable collecting duct / distal tubule –> more water lost from kidneys –>?

A

dilute urine

33
Q

What does alcohol do to ADH?

A

interferes with ADH secretion meaning more water loss

34
Q

What does caffeine do?

A

interferes with sodium reabsorption meaning more water loss.

35
Q

Diuretics promote water —- (through urination), and may be useful in treating —- blood pressure

A

loss

high

36
Q

Which muscle is the internal urethral sphincter made of?

A

smooth muscle

37
Q

Which muscle is the external urethral sphincter made of? Is it under conscious or unconscious control?

A

skeletal muscle

under our conscious control

38
Q

Which sphincter do the stretch receptors relax when there are high amounts of urine?

A

internal urethral sphincter

39
Q

In kidney stones, what are the excess mineral that crystallize in renal pelvis and may block ureters?

A

uric acid
calcium
magnesium

40
Q

Kidney stones is especially painful to men or women?

A

men

41
Q

What can prevent kidney stones?

A

drinking lots of water

42
Q

What are the treatments of kidney stones in past and present?

A

past: surgery
present: ultrasound lithotripsy

43
Q

Kidney failure is when? and is due to

A

not enough nephrons working due to high blood pressure and diabetes

44
Q

What are therapies of kidney failure?

A

dialysis

kidney transplant

45
Q

What can help with urinary tract infections?

A

antibiotics and drinking acidic juices

46
Q

In urinary tract infections, what enter the urethra and can extend up the urinary tract up to the kidneys?

A

bacteria

BIO 103 (4 decks)

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