Chapter 13 Flashcards
Hormones are molecules that are ——- from one part of the body to other parts of the body.
messages
Where are hormones produced?
endocrine glands
Where do the hormones circulate in?
blood
Are hormones in contact with some or all cells of the body?
ALL
Which cells do hormones have an effect on?
target cells
What are the fat insoluble hormones called? and what are they made of?
Non-steroid hormones and are made from amino acids
Are steroid hormones lipid soluble or insoluble?
lipid soluble
What are steroid hormones made of?
cholesterol
Which hormone can cross the cell membrane and which cannot?
steroid hormones can cross while non-steroid cannot
Which hormone can enter target cell and which cannot?
steroid can enter while non-steroid cannot enter
Since non-steroid cannot enter cell , what do they bind to?
bind to receptors on cell membranes of target cells
Which hormone is faster acting? and how long does it take for the body to respond?
non-steroid
seconds to minutes
Which hormone is slower acting? and how long does it take for the body to respond?
steroid
minutes to hours
Where must new proteins be produced?
steroid hormones
Give examples of steroid hormones.
Estrogen
Progesterone
Testosterone
Which hormone causes activation of 2nd messengers within the cell that activate working enzymes within cell (ATP to cAMP to activate enzymes in response to glucagon)?
non-steroid
Which hormones are released by neurons of the hypothalamus into the posterior pituitary gland?
Oxytocin
Antidiuretic hormone ADH (vasopressin)
How many functions does oxytocin have?
3
Oxytocin is released by neurons of the hypothalamus into the ——– pituitary gland.
posterior
1st function of oxytocin: causes contractions of —— muscles of uterus during ——–.
smooth
labor/birth
2nd functions of oxytocin: release of oxytocin triggers ——— behaviour and warm happy feelings.
affectionate
3rd functions of oxytocin is a good example of which two systems interacting?
nervous and endocrine
Which hormone is released into the posterior pituitary gland?
Antidiuretic hormone ADH
——— monitors concentration of water in blood.
Hypothalamus
Neurons of hypothalamus release ADH into blood vessels of posterior pituitary if concentration of water is high or low?
low
ADH causes the kidneys to retain more or less water?
more water
ADH is released when blood pressure is high or low?
low
It is sometimes called ——– because it causes constriction of some arterioles which increases blood pressure.
vasopressin
What are the hormones that are produced when neurons of the hypothalamus cause cells of the anterior pituitary gland to produce them?
Prolactin
Growth Hormone
Follicle stimulating hormone
Luteinizing hormone
Which hormone is produced during late pregnancy but is inhibited by estrogen and progesterone?
Prolactin
Are estrogen and progesterone levels high or low during pregnancy?
high
After birth, placenta leaves the woman’s body, is the estrogen and progesterone levels now high or low?
low
Prolactin stimulates —- production in breasts.
milk
——- stimulates nerves in nipple which carries message to hypothalamus, which causes ——— pituitary gland to release prolactin. This is an example of which two systems interacting?
Nursing
anterior
nervous and endocrine
What does growth hormone promote?
protein synthesis and cell division
Growth Hormone has widespread effects on the body especially —— and ——.
long bones
muscles
Growth hormone is especially important for stimulation of ——— in cartilage growth plate of long bones during ——— for lengthening them.
chondroblasts
adolescence
Hypersecretion causes —–?
gigantism
Hyposecretion causes —–?
pituitary dwarfism
Can children be given growth hormone if they have pituitary dwarfism?
yes
Excess secretion of growth hormone during adulthood causes?
acromegaly
What is acromegaly usually caused by?
tumor of the pituitary gland
FSH/LH in females secretes?
estrogen/progesterone by ovaries
FSH/LH in males secretes?
testosterone by testes
LH and FSH play an important role in a what cycle?
woman’s menstrual cycle
Which hormone is important for sperm development?
FSH
Which hormone plays a role in testosterone production in men?
LH
A steroid hormone secreted by testes is?
testosterone
A steroid hormone secreted by ovaries?
estrogen
Which hormone is responsible for widening pelvis?
estrogen
Which two hormones are important in menstrual cycle including ovulation?
Estrogen and Progesterone
Which hormone causes muscle growth and enlarged larynx ?
testosterone
The alpha cells of pancreas produce ….?
glucagon
What lowers blood sugar when it is high? (after meals)
insulin
What raises blood sugar level when it is low? (between meals)
glucagon
The beta cells of pancreas produce ….?
insulin
Glycogen is converted to what in liver?
glucose
Amino acids is converted to what?
glucose
Triglycerides in adipose tissue is converted to?
free fatty acids
Insulin: glucose absorbed into liver, muscles, and adipose tissue , and is converted to —— and —?
glycogen
fat
Which diabetes is juvenile-onset?
TYPE 1
Which diabetes is later onset: 45ish)
TYPE 2
Which type of diabetes is caused by an autoimmune disease (beta cells destroyed)?
type 1
Obesity increases risk of which type of diabetes?
TYPE 2
Failure to produce insulin is in which type of diabetes?
type 1
Which type of diabetes has cells that fail to respond to insulin properly?
type 2
What are some signs of diabetes mellitus?
- high blood glucose levels–> excretion of glucose in urine
- high urination rate–> water loss, dehydration, extreme thirst
- lack of absorption into cells–> cells starving for energy –>muscles fatigues
- cells use proteins/fats for energy because there isnt enough glucose
Burning a lot of fat to produce energy produces what? and what can it lead to?
ketones
metabolic acidosis
metabloic acidosis occurs when blood ph is too high or too low?
too low
High blood glucose levels causes damage to blood vessels which causes?
arteriosclerosis
What can occur if too. uch insulin is injected or if it is injected when blood sugar is already low?
Hypoglycemia (losing consciousness)
What can fix hypoglycemia?
eating a sugary snack
Which type of diabetes requires DAILY insulin injections?
type 1
Is exercise good to lower sugar levels when needed?
YES
Thyroid and parathyroid glands secrete what hormones?
calcitonin and parathyroid hormones
What causes the secretion of parathyroid hormone by the parathyroid glands?
lowered blood calcium levels
Which stimulates osteoclasts: parathyroid hormone or calcitonin?
parathyroid
Which stimulates osteoblasts: parathyroid hormone or calcitonin?
calcitonin
Which decreases kidney retention of calcium and which increases ?
calcitonin decreases
parathyroid hormone increases
Which decreases absorption of calcium by digestive tract and which increases?
calcitonin decreases
parathyroid hormone increases
Which removes calcium from bone?
parathyroid hormone
Which adds calcium to bone?
calcitonin
Which hormone detects low oxygen by cells in kidneys to be able to stimulate Red Blood Cells production in red bone marrow?
erythropoietin
Sympathetic nervous system stimulates adrenal medulla glands to release these for sustained “fight or flight” response: increased heart rate, respiratory rate, more blood flow to skeletal muscles. Which hormone?
epinephrine/norepinephrine
