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BIO 103 > Chapter 13 > Flashcards

Chapter 13 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Hormones are molecules that are ——- from one part of the body to other parts of the body.

A

messages

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2
Q

Where are hormones produced?

A

endocrine glands

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3
Q

Where do the hormones circulate in?

A

blood

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4
Q

Are hormones in contact with some or all cells of the body?

A

ALL

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5
Q

Which cells do hormones have an effect on?

A

target cells

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6
Q

What are the fat insoluble hormones called? and what are they made of?

A

Non-steroid hormones and are made from amino acids

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7
Q

Are steroid hormones lipid soluble or insoluble?

A

lipid soluble

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8
Q

What are steroid hormones made of?

A

cholesterol

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9
Q

Which hormone can cross the cell membrane and which cannot?

A

steroid hormones can cross while non-steroid cannot

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10
Q

Which hormone can enter target cell and which cannot?

A

steroid can enter while non-steroid cannot enter

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11
Q

Since non-steroid cannot enter cell , what do they bind to?

A

bind to receptors on cell membranes of target cells

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12
Q

Which hormone is faster acting? and how long does it take for the body to respond?

A

non-steroid

seconds to minutes

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13
Q

Which hormone is slower acting? and how long does it take for the body to respond?

A

steroid

minutes to hours

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14
Q

Where must new proteins be produced?

A

steroid hormones

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15
Q

Give examples of steroid hormones.

A

Estrogen
Progesterone
Testosterone

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16
Q

Which hormone causes activation of 2nd messengers within the cell that activate working enzymes within cell (ATP to cAMP to activate enzymes in response to glucagon)?

A

non-steroid

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17
Q

Which hormones are released by neurons of the hypothalamus into the posterior pituitary gland?

A

Oxytocin

Antidiuretic hormone ADH (vasopressin)

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18
Q

How many functions does oxytocin have?

A

3

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19
Q

Oxytocin is released by neurons of the hypothalamus into the ——– pituitary gland.

A

posterior

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20
Q

1st function of oxytocin: causes contractions of —— muscles of uterus during ——–.

A

smooth

labor/birth

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21
Q

2nd functions of oxytocin: release of oxytocin triggers ——— behaviour and warm happy feelings.

A

affectionate

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22
Q

3rd functions of oxytocin is a good example of which two systems interacting?

A

nervous and endocrine

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23
Q

Which hormone is released into the posterior pituitary gland?

A

Antidiuretic hormone ADH

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24
Q

——— monitors concentration of water in blood.

A

Hypothalamus

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25
Q

Neurons of hypothalamus release ADH into blood vessels of posterior pituitary if concentration of water is high or low?

A

low

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26
Q

ADH causes the kidneys to retain more or less water?

A

more water

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27
Q

ADH is released when blood pressure is high or low?

A

low

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28
Q

It is sometimes called ——– because it causes constriction of some arterioles which increases blood pressure.

A

vasopressin

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29
Q

What are the hormones that are produced when neurons of the hypothalamus cause cells of the anterior pituitary gland to produce them?

A

Prolactin
Growth Hormone
Follicle stimulating hormone
Luteinizing hormone

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30
Q

Which hormone is produced during late pregnancy but is inhibited by estrogen and progesterone?

A

Prolactin

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31
Q

Are estrogen and progesterone levels high or low during pregnancy?

A

high

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32
Q

After birth, placenta leaves the woman’s body, is the estrogen and progesterone levels now high or low?

A

low

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33
Q

Prolactin stimulates —- production in breasts.

A

milk

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34
Q

——- stimulates nerves in nipple which carries message to hypothalamus, which causes ——— pituitary gland to release prolactin. This is an example of which two systems interacting?

A

Nursing
anterior
nervous and endocrine

35
Q

What does growth hormone promote?

A

protein synthesis and cell division

36
Q

Growth Hormone has widespread effects on the body especially —— and ——.

A

long bones

muscles

37
Q

Growth hormone is especially important for stimulation of ——— in cartilage growth plate of long bones during ——— for lengthening them.

A

chondroblasts

adolescence

38
Q

Hypersecretion causes —–?

A

gigantism

39
Q

Hyposecretion causes —–?

A

pituitary dwarfism

40
Q

Can children be given growth hormone if they have pituitary dwarfism?

A

yes

41
Q

Excess secretion of growth hormone during adulthood causes?

A

acromegaly

42
Q

What is acromegaly usually caused by?

A

tumor of the pituitary gland

43
Q

FSH/LH in females secretes?

A

estrogen/progesterone by ovaries

44
Q

FSH/LH in males secretes?

A

testosterone by testes

45
Q

LH and FSH play an important role in a what cycle?

A

woman’s menstrual cycle

46
Q

Which hormone is important for sperm development?

A

FSH

47
Q

Which hormone plays a role in testosterone production in men?

A

LH

48
Q

A steroid hormone secreted by testes is?

A

testosterone

49
Q

A steroid hormone secreted by ovaries?

A

estrogen

50
Q

Which hormone is responsible for widening pelvis?

A

estrogen

51
Q

Which two hormones are important in menstrual cycle including ovulation?

A

Estrogen and Progesterone

52
Q

Which hormone causes muscle growth and enlarged larynx ?

A

testosterone

53
Q

The alpha cells of pancreas produce ….?

A

glucagon

54
Q

What lowers blood sugar when it is high? (after meals)

A

insulin

55
Q

What raises blood sugar level when it is low? (between meals)

A

glucagon

56
Q

The beta cells of pancreas produce ….?

A

insulin

57
Q

Glycogen is converted to what in liver?

A

glucose

58
Q

Amino acids is converted to what?

A

glucose

59
Q

Triglycerides in adipose tissue is converted to?

A

free fatty acids

60
Q

Insulin: glucose absorbed into liver, muscles, and adipose tissue , and is converted to —— and —?

A

glycogen

fat

61
Q

Which diabetes is juvenile-onset?

A

TYPE 1

62
Q

Which diabetes is later onset: 45ish)

A

TYPE 2

63
Q

Which type of diabetes is caused by an autoimmune disease (beta cells destroyed)?

A

type 1

64
Q

Obesity increases risk of which type of diabetes?

A

TYPE 2

65
Q

Failure to produce insulin is in which type of diabetes?

A

type 1

66
Q

Which type of diabetes has cells that fail to respond to insulin properly?

A

type 2

67
Q

What are some signs of diabetes mellitus?

A
  • high blood glucose levels–> excretion of glucose in urine
  • high urination rate–> water loss, dehydration, extreme thirst
  • lack of absorption into cells–> cells starving for energy –>muscles fatigues
  • cells use proteins/fats for energy because there isnt enough glucose
68
Q

Burning a lot of fat to produce energy produces what? and what can it lead to?

A

ketones

metabolic acidosis

69
Q

metabloic acidosis occurs when blood ph is too high or too low?

A

too low

70
Q

High blood glucose levels causes damage to blood vessels which causes?

A

arteriosclerosis

71
Q

What can occur if too. uch insulin is injected or if it is injected when blood sugar is already low?

A

Hypoglycemia (losing consciousness)

72
Q

What can fix hypoglycemia?

A

eating a sugary snack

73
Q

Which type of diabetes requires DAILY insulin injections?

A

type 1

74
Q

Is exercise good to lower sugar levels when needed?

A

YES

75
Q

Thyroid and parathyroid glands secrete what hormones?

A

calcitonin and parathyroid hormones

76
Q

What causes the secretion of parathyroid hormone by the parathyroid glands?

A

lowered blood calcium levels

77
Q

Which stimulates osteoclasts: parathyroid hormone or calcitonin?

A

parathyroid

78
Q

Which stimulates osteoblasts: parathyroid hormone or calcitonin?

A

calcitonin

79
Q

Which decreases kidney retention of calcium and which increases ?

A

calcitonin decreases

parathyroid hormone increases

80
Q

Which decreases absorption of calcium by digestive tract and which increases?

A

calcitonin decreases

parathyroid hormone increases

81
Q

Which removes calcium from bone?

A

parathyroid hormone

82
Q

Which adds calcium to bone?

A

calcitonin

83
Q

Which hormone detects low oxygen by cells in kidneys to be able to stimulate Red Blood Cells production in red bone marrow?

A

erythropoietin

84
Q

Sympathetic nervous system stimulates adrenal medulla glands to release these for sustained “fight or flight” response: increased heart rate, respiratory rate, more blood flow to skeletal muscles. Which hormone?

A

epinephrine/norepinephrine

BIO 103 (4 decks)

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