Chapter 14 Flashcards
Cells need —material for constructing proteins, fats, sugars and nucleic acids, as well as energy sources, as well as vitamins and minerals and water.
raw
Unabsorbed materials are eliminated when we ——-.
defecate
Mention the pathway of the digestive system. 8 steps
mouth–> pharynx–> esophagus–>(S)Stomach(S)–>Small intestine–>rectum–>anus(S)(S)
What separates the acidic stomach from the other regions, and control defecation?
Sphincters
What are the 4 accessory organs?
Salivary glands (mouth)
liver
Gall bladder
Pancreas
Enamel Coating is made up of?
calcium and phosphate
Living —— (bone like tissue)
supplied by blood vessels
in —- and has nerves too.
dentin
pulp
incisors: tear, crush and grind, or cut?
cut
canines: tear, crush and grind, or cut?
tear
molars: tear, crush and grind, or cut?
crush and grind
A vestigial structure is?
wisdom teeth
What lives in the mouth on leftover food?
Bacteria
A sticky film of bacteria, proteins, food particles, and mucus that may harden into tartar.
Plaque
What happens when bacteria take up residence and produce acids?
tooth decay
What do we call the infection/inflammation of the Gums due to bacterial toxins?
Gingivitis
Periodontal disease: chronic inflammation –>
loss of —– and ——- holding teeth in place: tooth loss.
bones
tissue
Which organ begins the enzymatic digestion of carbohydrates?
mouth
Tongue is made of which type of muscle?
skeletal
What is the function of the tongue?
positions food for teeth
What is the source of saliva? where is it positioned?
salivary (exocrine) glands below tongue and beside jaw
What is saliva composed of?
water mucin salivary amylase bicarbonate lysozyme
Lubrication for swallowing and holding foods together?
mucin
begins breaking down carbohydrates?
salivary amylase
counteracts acid produced by bacteria, keeps ph in range that salivary amylase works?
bicarbonate
Kills bacteria?
lysozyme
Name a reflex.
Swallowing
What is swallowing?
delivering food to esophagus
Tongue pushes food into pharynx: voluntary or involuntary phase?
voluntary
Receptors in pharynx stimulated by presence of food: voluntary or involuntary phase?
involuntary
1) Vocal chords tighten across ——
2) Soft —— rises (closes off nasal passageway)
3) Larynx rises slightly (helps close off trachea)
4) ———- closes opening to trachea (fully closes trachea)
5) Back of tongue pushes food further into ——–
larynx
palate
epiglottis
esophagus
Common passageway for air and food and participates in swallowing?
pharynx
What connects the pharynx to stomach?
esophagus
Which organ assists passage of food downward?
esophagus
Which organ is responsible for food motility (gravity and peristalsis)?
esophagus
What separates esophagus and stomach?
lower esophagus sphincter
Stomach is very acidic, and acid reflux is painful, may cause esophageal —— and —–.
ulcers
cancer
What movement from behind pushes food forward, muscles relax ahead of food ball (bolus)?
muscle contractions
Which organ stores food until digestion can proceed?
stomach
In digestion, (strong acids and protein digesting enzyme: pepsinogen –> ——)
pepsin
Which organ regulates the delivery of food to the small intestine in manageable amounts?
stomach
Which organ kills most bacteria in food?
stomach
What are a few things absorbed in stomach? mention two.
alcohol
aspirin
What enzyme begins protein digestion into individual amino acids?
pepsin
What us the juice secreted by different cells in gastric pits?
gastric juice
Hydrochloric acid produces a ph of about ? what does it denature?
2
proteins
What is caused when stomach inner lining is not protected?
ulcers
What protects stomach lining from acid? Are stomach contents in contact with mucus or cells?
mucus
mucus
What can cause ulcers?
H.pylori bacterial infection
cigarettes
alcohol
regular aspirin
Chyme is a result of ?
mixing
Highly acidic chyme needs more ?
neutralization
High fat needs more?
digestion time
What blends food and squirts food into small intestine?
stomach contractions
How many muscle layers for mixing?
3
Duodenum is?
small intestine
Digestion in the duodenum is in the first – cm of small intestine.
25
Which organ adds bile that is secreted by liver ?
small intestine
Where is bile stored?
gall bladder
Which organ adds digestive enzymes?
small intestine
Which organ neutralizes acid from stomach?
small intestine
Enzymatic breakdown of food is when food is broken into?
monosaccharides amino acids nucleotides fatty acids monoglycerides
After enzymatic breakdown of food into monosaccharides, amino acids, nucleotides, fatty acids and monoglycerides (basic components) –% of food absorbed in - m of the remaining ————.
95%
6
small intestine
What expands the total surface area of small intestine?
Mucosa
Each fold in the small intestine has ——, and each —– has cells with small projections (——-).
villi
villi
microvilli
——- movements mixes contents, food is pressed against mucosa where nutrients are absorbed.
random
What does villi contain?
blood
lymph capillaries
———– and ———- are actively transported into epithelial cells, diffuse to ———.
amino acids
monosaccharides
capillaries
———- and ———- diffuse into cells.
fatty acids
monoglycerides
Fatty acids and monoglycerides reform into ?
triglycerides
Fats then join with proteins in mucosa cells for transport, they are released by ———– and enter lymph capillaries (large spaces between cells). Lymph later joins with the blood ——– (lymph vessels join with veins near the heart).
exocytosis
circulation
Water is absorbed by —– in ——- and ——-.
osmosis
small intestine
large intestine
Vitamin and minerals are either actively transported or ?
protein channels (diffusion)
After absorption, transportation is to ——.
liver
Blood from digestive tract to liver before going to general circulation is?
Hepatic portal system
The liver stores glucose as 3 things , what are they ?
glycogen
fat soluble vitamins
some lipids
What does the liver manufacture?
fibronogen albumin other proteins some lipids bile
What does the liver detoxify?
ammonia to urea
poisons
Which organ destroys old red blood cells?
liver
Which organ absorbs remaining nutrients and remaining water, wastes stored then eliminated from the rectum to anus?
Large intestine
What does the structure of the large intestine include?
cecum, appendix, colon
Colon can be ?
ascending, descending, transverse, and sigmoid
Rectum and anus have —- and —– muscle spincters.
smooth
skeletal
A lot of research is showing that the types of bacteria in our large intestine influences our health, including:
obesity diabetes irritable bowel syndrome colon cancer Crohn's disease
What is the major energy source where we need glucose circulating in our blood?
carbohydrates
Carbohydrates can be converted to what for energy storage?
fats/ glycogen
Should you eat complex carbohydrates or simple sugars and why?
complex carbohydrates
because simple sugars lead to surge in blood sugar and insulin
if you eat sugar, it will be converted to fat then low blood sugar makes you hungry
“Brown” carbohydrates do not have parts of the grain removed, and have move —– and ——- associated with them.
vitamins
minerals
Fats can be?
saturated or unsaturated
Healthy unsaturated fats include :
corn oil
olive oil
canola oil
sunflower oil
Saturated fats include:
coconut oil red meat milk fats butter lard palm oil
Where can trans fats be found?
manufactured foods like cookies, crackers, donuts, cakes, deep-friend foods, and margarine
Saturated fats and trans fats can raise? and can lead to?
blood LDL (bad cholesterol) leading to heart attacks, strokes, aneurysms, gallstones
What can reduce your risk of heart disease?
Omega-3 fatty acids
How many amino acids ? Our body manufactures how many? How many must we get from our diet?
20 amino acids
body manufactures 12
8 essential we must get from diets
Animal proteins have all essential amino acids . Examples:
eggs
milk
milk products
soy products (tofu)
What plants will not have all essential amino acids?
rice
beans
vegetables
What are some examples of vitamin A foods?
yellow, orange, and green leafy veggies
fish
egg yolk
liver
Deficient of vitamin A causes:
night blindness
dry and scaly skin
Where can you get vitamin D from?
UV light
fortified milk
oily fish
egg yolk
Deficiency of vitamin D causes:
bone deformities in kids (rickets)
bone weakening
osteoporosis for adults
Vitamin K comes from:
bacteria in large intestine
green leafy veggies
Which vitamin is need for forming clotting proteins?
vitamin k
deficiency in vitamin k causes:
severe bleeding
hemophilia
Vitamin C sources:
citrus fruits
berries
certain veggies (broccoli, brussel sprouts, peppers, cabbage)
Which vitamin is need for making collagen and is also an antioxidant?
vitamin c
Deficiency in vitamin c causes:
poor wound healing
teeth fall out(scurvy)
Calcium comes from:
milk products
dark green veggies
Deficiency of calcium causes:
osteoporosis
stunted growth
Good sources of iron?
meat liver whole grains green leafy veggies nuts eggs HEMOGLOBIN
Iron deficiency causes ?
anemia
You can get iodine from?
seafood
iodized salt
Deficiency of iodine causes?
enlarged thyroid (goiter)
You can get zinc from?
whole grains
nuts
meats
seafood
Zinc deficiency causes?
impaired growth
scaly skin
Examples of antioxidants:
Vitamin c vitamin e vitamin a/ beta carotene various berries pinto beans red beans walnuts
Who donates electrons to free radicals, so that free radicals do no take electrons from other molecules like DNA that may damage them?
antioxidants
Damaged DNA can lead to ?
mutations
can lead to cancer
Excess calories in any form are converted to?
glycogen or fats
What can high blood pressure cause?
heart attack
stroke
aneurysm
Obesity can cause?
high blood pressure
type 2 diabetes
several types of cancer
sleep apnea
osteoarthritis
gout (utric acid deposited as crystals in big toe)
gallstones (too much cholesterol in bile)
A gram of fat has more than —– the calories of a gram of protein or carbohydrate.
twice
Fat calories per gram?
9
Protein and carbohydrates per gram?
4
What should you also avoid other than fats?
simple sugars
Does dieting alone work without exercise for a person that wants long-term weight loss?
NO
What % does Basal Metabolic rate have?
70%
Do epinephrine and norepinephrine lower or raise BMR?
RAISE
Fasting/dieting lowers or raises BMR?
LOWERS
Healthy diets includes high amounts of ?
whole grains and vegetables
Which is better: eating more small meals or fewer bigger meals?
eating more small meals
What does fish lower?
lowers blood cholesterol
