Chapter 12 Flashcards
What are the sensory neurons in the skin called?
Somatic Sensations
Which pain receptors are stimulated when you immediately hurt yourself?
Fast pain receptors
Which pain receptors send pain signals days or weeks after you are hurt?
Slow pain receptors
What are stretch receptors associated with?
joints, muscles, and tendons
What are the 5 special senses?
Hearing, balance, taste, smell, vision
Our sense of hearing helps us distinguish between sounds of different…?
amplitude and tone
What is amplitude and tone?
amplitude is loudness and tone is frequency
Which part of the ear do sound waves travel down the auditory canal, and hit the ear drum causing it to vibrate?
outer ear
In the middle ear, vibrations of the tympanic membrane cause vibrations in 3 small bones called?
malleus(hammer), incus (anvil), and stapes(stirrup)
What does the stapes vibrate against?
the oval window
Where is all the vibrational energy that hits the tympanic membrane focused on?
the oval window
What does the eustachian tubes connect?
middle ear and pharynx
What opens the eustachian tubes?
yawning or chewing
What can cause deafness?
middle ear infections
In the inner ear, the hair cell mechanoreceptors within the cochlea convert sound vibrations into what?
nervous impulses
What are the three fluid filled canals within cochlea?
Vestibular canal
Cochlear duct
tympanic canal
Where is the organ of corti?
within the cochlear duct
What does the organ of corti consist of?
tectorial membrane
hair cells
basilar membrane
auditory nerves
The pressure waves created in oval window in fluid of what canal to canal?
vestibular canal and travel around to tympanic canal.
in 2nd step of inner ear, the waves are formed across which membrane?
basilar membrane
What does the vibration in the basilar membrane cause?
sound vibration frequency
What cells are part of the basilar membrane?
hair cells
The tips of the hair brush against which membrane?
tectorial membrane
Does the tectorial membrane vibrate?
NO
What do the hair cells stimulate when neurotransmitters are released?
sensory neurons
What happens in the last step in the inner ear?
brain interprets neural impulses as sound
The parts of the basilar membrane have same or different natural resonances?
different
Basilar membrane near oval window has low or high frequency?
High
Low frequency noise is when basilar membrane is near the oval window or far from oval window?
far
basilar membrane far from oval window is more?
flexible and wider
basilar membrane near oval window is?
stiff and narrow
The brain interprets neural signals arriving from different parts of the basilar membrane as what?
different tones (notes)
More vigorous vibrations of basilar membrane means?
louder noises ,more energy, more hair cells release neurotransmitter more frequently, and more stimulation of neurons
Less vigorous vibrations of basilar membrane means?
softer noises, less energy, less hair cells release neurotransmitters less frequently, and less stimulation of neurons
What is caused with sound vibrations do not get to the inner ear?
conduction deafness
What causes eardrum/oval window to be ruptured and bones in ear to not move properly?
conduction deafness
What do hearing aids do?
cause vibrations in skull making vibrations in cochlea then hearing
What id damaged in nerve deafness?
cochlear nerves and brain
What happens when hairs in cochlea are lost?
partial deafness
Can minor damage be repaired?
YES
Hair cells die= minor or major damage?
major
When you hear sounds that do not really exist and the hairs have been damaged and some are bent, what is this called?
ringing ears after loud environment
When do the muscles pull bones away from eardrum/ oval window?
ear bone reflex
What does the vestibular canal consist of?
3 semicircular canals and vestibule
Semicircular canals are for sensing what?
sensing rotational movement
Vestibule is for sensing what?
sensing head position, gravity, and acceleration/deceleration
What type of movement is detected in semicircular canals in 3 planes?
3-D movement detected
Cupula with hair cells present at base (ampulla) of each canal. True or False?
True
Vestibule is oriented horizantally or vertically or both?
both
In vestibule senses, hairs are embedded in what material and what position?
gelatinous material on bottom
In vestibule senses, otoliths are embedded in what material and what position?
gelatinous material on top
When does gelatinous move first and otoliths have inertia and respond slower?
acceleration
Deceleration has inertia or momentum?
momentum
Does visual input play a role in maintaining balance?
YES
Signals for maintaining balance come from which stretch receptors?
joint, muscle, and tendon stretch receptors
Specialized structures in inner ear: ?
vestibule
When messages are conflicting, what can we get?
motion sickness
How many taste cells and how many supporting cells?
25 and 25
Taste buds on large —– of tongue.
Papillae
——- on taste cells have receptor proteins to bind to certain chemicals that later stimulate sensory neurons.
Hairs
What are taste buds?
chemoreceptors that bind with dissolved substances
What are the 5 taste categories?
sweet, salty, sour, bitter, umami (broth)
Salt responds to what ions?
sodium
Sour responds to what ions?
hydrogen
Which taste category responds to amino acids?
umami
Which taste category responds to various chemicals?
bitter
Which taste category are we most sensitive to and at which part of the tongue?
Bitter and at the back of the tongue
Smell is ——- receptor cell.
olfactory
Each olfactory receptor cell produces a protein that can bind with —— molecules.
odorant
How many different types of olfactory receptor cells do humans have?
over 300
More molecules binding= more neurons firing more frequently=?
stronger smell
Can a single odorant molecule lead to a neuron being stimulated?
YES
What we commonly refer to as how food tastes depends on two senses. What are they? and why?
taste and smell
Because chewed food releases chemicals that contact olfactory receptors via pharynx.
Eyes focus light onto specialized ——— cells of the retina?
photoreceptor
What are the photoreceptor cells of the retina?
rod and cone cells
Photoreceptors convert what type of energy to nerve impulses that are interpreted by the brain?
light energy
What is sclera?
whites of eyes
Where does most bending of light before light hits the retina occur at?
cornea
What is the irregularities in cornea or lens called?
Astigmatism
What fixes nearsightnedness and astigmatism by burning away part of cornea?
LASIK laser surgery
Iris is a colored —— that controls the amount of light entering the eye.
muscle
What is the opening that allows light in called?
pupil
When is the pupil larger?
in dark
When is the pupil smaller?
in bright sun
What is made of layers of transparent proteins?
lens
What adjusts shape for close or far away objects?
lens
When does lens get thicker and ciliary muscles contract?
close objects
When does lens get thinner and ciliary muscles relax?
far away objects
Farsighted have eyes longer or shorter than normal?
shorter
Prolonged close up work can cause nearsightedness or farsightedness?
nearsightedness
Nearsightedness or farsightedness is caused by improper eye shape?
farsightedness
At what age does the lens start to lose its flexibility (focusing becomes harder)?
about 40 years old
At what age does the lens lose all its flexibility?
at age 70 years old
When proteins of the lens progressively lose their transparency
cataracts
What can cause cataracts?
aging
Does the retina contain photoreceptor cells?
yes
What colors are cones most sensitive to?
yellow
green
blue/violet
What has high amounts of cones but no rods?
fovea in retina
What happens in blind spot?
optic nerve goes to brain
Many rod cells/ ganglion cell gives what vision?
blurrier vision
Fewer cones cells/ ganglion cells give what vision?
clearer vision
As little as how many cone cells/ganglion cells give the clearest vision?
5
Which cells are more sensitive to light? and by how many times?
rod cells by 300 times
Which cells only are sensitive to faint light?
rods
When does the brain interpret ratios of the 3 cone types?
mixed colors
Which disorder affecting the retina is due to blow to head/eye and is an emergency?
Retinal Detachment
Which disorder affecting the retina is associated with certain cone cells present in low amounts or are missing completely?
color blindness
Which eye disorder causes blurred vision, stars, and lack of peripheral vision results?
retinal detachment
Which eye disorder is associated with fluid in aqueous humor that no longer drains properly and causes pressure on capillaries supplying retina?
Glaucoma
Which eye disorder is a sex linked genetic disorder?
color blindess
Which eye disorder can cause retinal and nerve cell death?
Glaucoma
Binocular vision helps us determine how close or far away sth is?
far
When does each eye receive slightly different images?
Binocular vision
At the side of the head, sound waves hit one ear then the next or both at the same time/
one ear then the next
Above and behind the head, the sound waves hit one ear then the next or both at the same time?
both at the same time
