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Microbiology 2320 > Chapter 15 > Flashcards

Chapter 15 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the five attributes of adaptive immunity

A 
Specificity 
Inducibility
Clonality
Unresponsiveness to self
Memory
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2
Q

What is adaptive immunity

A

Adaptive immunity is the body’s ability to recognize and defend itself against distinct invaders and their products

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3
Q

What is specific immunity

A

A complex interaction of immune cells reacting against antigens. Leukocytes

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4
Q

What are the two types of adaptive immune responses

A

Humoral immune response.

Cell mediated immune response

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5
Q

What is attenuated vaccine

A

Live cells of a pathogen that have been genetically altered. Long lasting immunity

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6
Q

Inactivated vaccine

A

Contain cells that have been killed by heat are by chemical means. Very safe but less effective

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7
Q

B cells

A

Respond to antigens by producing antigen specific defensive proteins called antibodies

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8
Q

T cells

A

When activated will respond in a few ways. Helper T cells and cytotoxic T cells

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9
Q

Cytotoxic T cells

A

Destroy infected host cells and other foreign cells

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10
Q

Helper T cells

A

Enhance other lymphocytes, enhancing macrophages are stimulating the cells to produce antibodies

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11
Q

Humoral immunity

A

Antibody mediated immunity. B Cells. Associated with body fluids since antibodies flow through the bloodstream

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12
Q

Name 4 ways antibodies protect

A
  1. Neutralizing toxins by binding to them
  2. Agglutination, clumping antigens together
  3. Opsonization
  4. Activate complement
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13
Q

Cellular Immunity

A

TC cells will attack the tissues that are infected, illuminating the pathogen, but also destroying our own tissues.
TH cells help to regulate and activate immune reactions

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14
Q

What is the role of markers

A

Detection
Recognition
Communication

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15
Q

What is MHC major histocompatibility complex

A 
Surface receptors consisting of glycoproteins 
It is found on all nucleated cells.
2 classes
1. All nucleated cells
2. Macrophages, dendritic cells, B cells
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16
Q

What happens after a clone recognizes an antigen

A

Proliferates

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17
Q

Where do B and T cells go after they have there receptors?

A

Secondary lymph tissue

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18
Q

What happens to B and T cells that that bind to self antigen

A

Undergo apoptosis- programmed cell death

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19
Q

What are B cell receptors secreted as?

A

Antibodies

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20
Q

Describe immunoglobulin molecule

A

Light chain
Heavy chain
Variable region
Constant region

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21
Q

What is an antigen

A

Any substance capable of generating an immune response. Most proteins make excellent antigens, Polysaccharides are weaker, and pure lipids and nucleic acids make poor antigens

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22
Q

What is Epitope

A

Portion of antigen recognized by lymphocytes receptor. Example amino acids

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23
Q

Haptens are?

A

Antigens that are too small elicit an immune response

24
Q

What make a good antigen

A

Whole cells.
Viruses.
Complex molecules.

25
Q

What are 3 major types of antigens with an example?

A
  1. Soluble- dissolve in body fluids- venoms
  2. particulate antigens- cell parts- pili, virus
  3. Whole intact cells as antigens- bacteria cell/ transplant tissue
26
Q

How do Haptens become a complete antigen

A

Enter the body then attach to carrier in the body

27
Q

What is alloantigens

A

Cell surface markers that occurred in some members of the same species
Example
Blood typing- transfusion
MHC profile- organ grafting

28
Q

What is a superantigen

A

Bacterial toxins-
Results in toxic shock syndrome and some auto immune diseases. Large release of cytokines. T cell activation much greater than normal antigens

29
Q

When does a B cell become activated.

A

When matching epitope attaches

30
Q

List the 7 steps of B cell Activation

A
  1. Naive B cells match and bind to microbe (antigen)
  2. B cell endocytoses the microbe and presents smaller piece to Th2 cell
  3. Th2 that matches the microbe links w B cells and it’s antigen bearing MHC 2 proteins
  4. Th2 cell chemically signals for B cell to proliferate
  5. Some clones become memory cells
  6. Other clones go on to produce plasma cells
  7. Plasma cells secrete large amounts of antibodies with same specificity as original B cell
31
Q

How much antibodies are produce from plasma cells

A

2000/s

32
Q

Name 4 antibody antigen interactions

A

Opsonization
Agglutination
Neutralization
Complement fixation

33
Q

Opsonization

A

Microbes or particles coated with antibodies

Enables macrophages to recognize and phagocytize microbe

34
Q

Agglutination

A

Antibodies cross-link cells or particles into clumps.
Renders microbes imMobile.
Enhances phagocytosis.
Principal for certain immune test example RBC typing

35
Q

Neutralization

A

Antibodies binds to the microbe or virus receptor or the antigenic site of molecule -example exotoxin.
Prevents further binding of microbes or toxin

Doesn’t allow to bind to us

36
Q

Complement fixation

A

Antibodies interaction with complement proteins -example classical pathway.
Lysis of microbial cell

37
Q

Fab- Antigen binding fragment

A

Variable
Binds to the antigenic determinant
Swiveling enables more efficient hold
Held together by disulfide bonds

38
Q

Fc-Crystallizable Fragnent

A 
Constant 
Binds to macrophages 
Anchors Immunoglobulin to lymphocyte
Held together by disulfide bonds 
Responsible for class identification
39
Q

What are the 5 classes of antibodies

A 
IgM
IgA
IgD
IgE
IgG
40
Q

IgG

A 
The smallest
Monomer- single unit
Primary response
Memory cell response
Most prevalent in tissue fluid and blood
Most numerous
Activated complement 
AIDS in opsonization 
Anti Rh antibodies

The only Ig to be able to cross from mother to child across placenta . First antibody for newborn

41
Q

IgA

A

Monomer or dimer
Dimer- 2 units is held together by Jchain
Secretory IgA - mucous and serous secretions
- local immunity
Protection for newborns

Found in mothers milk, body secretions, mucus, sweat

42
Q

IgM

A 
Largest
Five monomers
Held together by Jchain
First to be synthesized during primary immune response 
Associated with complement fixation
Receptor for antigens on B cell
Circulated in blood

Binds weakly

43
Q

IgD

A

Monomer
Small amounts in serum
Receptor for antigens on B cells
Unknown function

44
Q

IgE

A

Monomer
Parasite infection
Allergies
Fc portion binds to mast cells and basophils , eosinophils
- release chemical mediators that aid inflammation

45
Q

First exposure

A

Latent period
Synthesis of antibodies
-IgM first
-followed by IgG and some IgA and IgM

46
Q

Second exposure

A

Anamnestic response

Synthesis is rapid and amplified due to memory cells

47
Q

Memory cells

A

Persist long after the primary infection help produce antibodies in a few days vs 1 to 2 weeks
Can eliminate pathogens before signs and symptoms
Vaccines confer this type of immunity

48
Q

T cell

A 
Cell mediated immunity 
Antigen presenting cells
Activity at the same time as B cells
CD4 and CD8
Produce and react to cytokines
49
Q

Interleukins

A

Signal among Leukocytes

50
Q

Interferons

A

Anti Viral proteins that may act as cytokines

51
Q

Growth factors

A

Proteins that stimulate stem cells to divide

52
Q

Tumor neurosis factor

A

Secreted by microphages and T cells to kill tumor cells and regulate immune responses and inflammation

53
Q

Chemokines

A

Chemotactic cytokines the signal leukocytes to move

54
Q

List five immune system Cytokines

A 
Interleukins
Interferons
Growth factors
Tumor necrosis factor 
Chemokines
55
Q

What are antigen presenting cells

A

Macrophages and dendritic cells

  • process and present antigen in association with MHC 2
  • T cell CD receptor recognize antigen/MHC 2
56
Q

Th

A 
Regulate immune responses to antigens by releasing cytokines. Type of cytokines will determine subset of Th-
Th1 activate other T cells
Th2 for B cells differentiation
also activate macrophages. 
Most prevalent in the blood.
57
Q

Tc

A 
Binds and loses cells
CD8
Perforins- punch holes in membranes
Granzymes- degrade proteins
Natural killers cells- related and attest virus infected cells and cancer cells

Microbiology 2320 (9 decks)

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