Chapter 15 Flashcards
What are the five attributes of adaptive immunity
Specificity Inducibility Clonality Unresponsiveness to self Memory
What is adaptive immunity
Adaptive immunity is the body’s ability to recognize and defend itself against distinct invaders and their products
What is specific immunity
A complex interaction of immune cells reacting against antigens. Leukocytes
What are the two types of adaptive immune responses
Humoral immune response.
Cell mediated immune response
What is attenuated vaccine
Live cells of a pathogen that have been genetically altered. Long lasting immunity
Inactivated vaccine
Contain cells that have been killed by heat are by chemical means. Very safe but less effective
B cells
Respond to antigens by producing antigen specific defensive proteins called antibodies
T cells
When activated will respond in a few ways. Helper T cells and cytotoxic T cells
Cytotoxic T cells
Destroy infected host cells and other foreign cells
Helper T cells
Enhance other lymphocytes, enhancing macrophages are stimulating the cells to produce antibodies
Humoral immunity
Antibody mediated immunity. B Cells. Associated with body fluids since antibodies flow through the bloodstream
Name 4 ways antibodies protect
- Neutralizing toxins by binding to them
- Agglutination, clumping antigens together
- Opsonization
- Activate complement
Cellular Immunity
TC cells will attack the tissues that are infected, illuminating the pathogen, but also destroying our own tissues.
TH cells help to regulate and activate immune reactions
What is the role of markers
Detection
Recognition
Communication
What is MHC major histocompatibility complex
Surface receptors consisting of glycoproteins It is found on all nucleated cells. 2 classes 1. All nucleated cells 2. Macrophages, dendritic cells, B cells
What happens after a clone recognizes an antigen
Proliferates
Where do B and T cells go after they have there receptors?
Secondary lymph tissue
What happens to B and T cells that that bind to self antigen
Undergo apoptosis- programmed cell death
What are B cell receptors secreted as?
Antibodies
Describe immunoglobulin molecule
Light chain
Heavy chain
Variable region
Constant region
What is an antigen
Any substance capable of generating an immune response. Most proteins make excellent antigens, Polysaccharides are weaker, and pure lipids and nucleic acids make poor antigens
What is Epitope
Portion of antigen recognized by lymphocytes receptor. Example amino acids
Haptens are?
Antigens that are too small elicit an immune response
What make a good antigen
Whole cells.
Viruses.
Complex molecules.
What are 3 major types of antigens with an example?
- Soluble- dissolve in body fluids- venoms
- particulate antigens- cell parts- pili, virus
- Whole intact cells as antigens- bacteria cell/ transplant tissue
How do Haptens become a complete antigen
Enter the body then attach to carrier in the body
What is alloantigens
Cell surface markers that occurred in some members of the same species
Example
Blood typing- transfusion
MHC profile- organ grafting
What is a superantigen
Bacterial toxins-
Results in toxic shock syndrome and some auto immune diseases. Large release of cytokines. T cell activation much greater than normal antigens
When does a B cell become activated.
When matching epitope attaches
List the 7 steps of B cell Activation
- Naive B cells match and bind to microbe (antigen)
- B cell endocytoses the microbe and presents smaller piece to Th2 cell
- Th2 that matches the microbe links w B cells and it’s antigen bearing MHC 2 proteins
- Th2 cell chemically signals for B cell to proliferate
- Some clones become memory cells
- Other clones go on to produce plasma cells
- Plasma cells secrete large amounts of antibodies with same specificity as original B cell
How much antibodies are produce from plasma cells
2000/s
Name 4 antibody antigen interactions
Opsonization
Agglutination
Neutralization
Complement fixation
Opsonization
Microbes or particles coated with antibodies
Enables macrophages to recognize and phagocytize microbe
Agglutination
Antibodies cross-link cells or particles into clumps.
Renders microbes imMobile.
Enhances phagocytosis.
Principal for certain immune test example RBC typing
Neutralization
Antibodies binds to the microbe or virus receptor or the antigenic site of molecule -example exotoxin.
Prevents further binding of microbes or toxin
Doesn’t allow to bind to us
Complement fixation
Antibodies interaction with complement proteins -example classical pathway.
Lysis of microbial cell
Fab- Antigen binding fragment
Variable
Binds to the antigenic determinant
Swiveling enables more efficient hold
Held together by disulfide bonds
Fc-Crystallizable Fragnent
Constant Binds to macrophages Anchors Immunoglobulin to lymphocyte Held together by disulfide bonds Responsible for class identification
What are the 5 classes of antibodies
IgM IgA IgD IgE IgG
IgG
The smallest Monomer- single unit Primary response Memory cell response Most prevalent in tissue fluid and blood Most numerous Activated complement AIDS in opsonization Anti Rh antibodies
The only Ig to be able to cross from mother to child across placenta . First antibody for newborn
IgA
Monomer or dimer
Dimer- 2 units is held together by Jchain
Secretory IgA - mucous and serous secretions
- local immunity
Protection for newborns
Found in mothers milk, body secretions, mucus, sweat
IgM
Largest Five monomers Held together by Jchain First to be synthesized during primary immune response Associated with complement fixation Receptor for antigens on B cell Circulated in blood
Binds weakly
IgD
Monomer
Small amounts in serum
Receptor for antigens on B cells
Unknown function
IgE
Monomer
Parasite infection
Allergies
Fc portion binds to mast cells and basophils , eosinophils
- release chemical mediators that aid inflammation
First exposure
Latent period
Synthesis of antibodies
-IgM first
-followed by IgG and some IgA and IgM
Second exposure
Anamnestic response
Synthesis is rapid and amplified due to memory cells
Memory cells
Persist long after the primary infection help produce antibodies in a few days vs 1 to 2 weeks
Can eliminate pathogens before signs and symptoms
Vaccines confer this type of immunity
T cell
Cell mediated immunity Antigen presenting cells Activity at the same time as B cells CD4 and CD8 Produce and react to cytokines
Interleukins
Signal among Leukocytes
Interferons
Anti Viral proteins that may act as cytokines
Growth factors
Proteins that stimulate stem cells to divide
Tumor neurosis factor
Secreted by microphages and T cells to kill tumor cells and regulate immune responses and inflammation
Chemokines
Chemotactic cytokines the signal leukocytes to move
List five immune system Cytokines
Interleukins Interferons Growth factors Tumor necrosis factor Chemokines
What are antigen presenting cells
Macrophages and dendritic cells
- process and present antigen in association with MHC 2
- T cell CD receptor recognize antigen/MHC 2
Th
Regulate immune responses to antigens by releasing cytokines. Type of cytokines will determine subset of Th- Th1 activate other T cells Th2 for B cells differentiation also activate macrophages. Most prevalent in the blood.
Tc
Binds and loses cells CD8 Perforins- punch holes in membranes Granzymes- degrade proteins Natural killers cells- related and attest virus infected cells and cancer cells
