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Microbiology 2320 > Chapter 14 > Flashcards

Chapter 14 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

First Defense

List 3

A

Structural
Mechanical
Biochemical

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2
Q

Second line of defense

List 5

A 
Complement 
Phagocytosis 
Inflammation 
Fever
Viral specific defenses
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3
Q

Third line of defense

List 2

A

Humoral immunity

Cellular immunity

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4
Q

What sheds microbes and nutrients quickly?

A

Sloughing

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5
Q

Why is skin a good structural defense?

A

The cells are tightly fit

Thick, strong and waterproof

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6
Q

What is the role of mucous membranes?

A

They line all the body cavities open to the environment.

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7
Q

Name 2 layers of mucous membranes?

A

Epithelium cells and deeper connective layer that supports the epithelium.

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8
Q

How do body fluids mechanically remove microbes?

A

Urine

Tears

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9
Q

What keeps bacteria from settling?

A

Peristalsis moves it along GI tract

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10
Q

Mucociliary System

A

Mucus is produced to trap organisms and ciliary sweeps it up and out

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11
Q

Name 5 biochemical defenses

A 
Sebum on skin
Sweat makes skin salty
Stomach secretions
Bile disrupt cell envelope
Lysozyme break down peptidoglycan
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12
Q

Reticuloendothelial

A

RES
Network of connective tissue fibers
Interconnects cells
Allows immune cells to bind and move outside the blood and lymphatic systems

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13
Q

Extracellular Fluid

A

ECF
Space that surrounds tissue cells and RES
Enable the cells to move

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14
Q

Neutrophils

A 
First
Blood phagocytes 
Active engulfed and killers of bacteria
-phagocytosis cells and voracious eaters
Mostly stay in tissue 
Short live only 3-8 days
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15
Q

Basophils

A

Fifth
Function in inflammatory events and allergies
Filled with histamine and other chemical mediators.

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16
Q

Eosinophils

A

Fourth
Active in worm and fungal infections, allergy, and inflammatory reactions

More numerous in spleen and bone marrow

-contain digestive enzymes and toxic granules.
They gather around and release enzymes to kill worms

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17
Q

Monocytes

A 
Third
Blood phagocytes that become macrophages and dendrites
Antigen presenting cell
Releases chemical mediators
Long lived
Can be fix or wandering
Phagoctic cell
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18
Q

Macrophages

A

Largest phagocytes that ingest and kill foreign cells

  • scavengers
  • Histiocytes- reside in one location
  • under how phagocytosis
  • interacts with b and T cells
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19
Q

Lymphocytes

A

Second
Primary cells involved with specific immune reactions
TCell- train thymus
BCell- train bone marrow

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20
Q

List 3 Granulocytes

A

Neutrophils
Basophils
Eosinophils

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21
Q

NET

A

Neutrophil Extracellular Trap

Prevents bacteria from spreading and have bactericidal properties

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22
Q

Dendritic cells

A 
Sixth
Part of monocytes line
Reside in tissues and RES
Primary job is antigen presentation
-provers foreign matter and present it to lymphocytes
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23
Q

Mast cells

A

Like basophils but are non motile and are found in connective tissue

  • trigger local inflammatory reactions
  • responsible for many allergic symptoms
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24
Q

Lymphatic system

List 6

A 
Fluids
Vessels
Nodes
Spleen
Thymus
Miscellaneous
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25
Q

What is in the plasmas like fluid in Lymphatic system list 5

A 
Water
Dissolved salts
Proteins
White blood cells
No red blood cells
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26
Q

What does lymph depend on to move

A

Muscles contractions

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27
Q

What parts of the body do Lymph system not permeate? List 4

A

CNS
Bob
Placenta
Thymus

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28
Q

What do lymph nodes do

A

Provide environment for immune reactions

Filter for lymph

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29
Q

Where are lymph nodes located? List 5

A 
Thoracic cavity
Abdominal cavity 
Armpit
Groin
Neck
30
Q

What happens when kids lose there spleen

A

They become immunocompromised

31
Q

What does the spleen do?

A

Filter blood
Traps pathogens and phagocytosis them
Located in upper left portion of abdominal cavity

32
Q

Thymus

A

Embryo- two lobes, high activity until puberty release mature T cells
Adult- gradually shrinks, lymph node and spleen makes TCells

33
Q

What are the 5 major symptoms of inflammation

A 
Redness. 
Warmth. 
Swelling. 
Pain. 
Loss of function.
34
Q

What is inflammation

A

A condition brought on by infection, tissue injury, or immune response

35
Q

What do inflammation do?

List 3

A

Mobilize and attract immune cells to the site
Mobilize repair, and clean up of site
Destroy microbes and block further infection

36
Q

What are the stages of inflammation?

A

Vascular changes
Edema
Fever

37
Q

What happens during the increased vessel dilation of inflammation

A

Blood supply to tissue increases making it able to carry more leukocytes and serum proteins, which causes erythema

38
Q

What is erythema

A

Redness and warmth

39
Q

What is diapedesis?

A

Migration of WBC or transmigration

40
Q

What do chemical mediators do during inflammation?

A

Cause fever , stimulate lymphocytes, and prevent virus spread, cause allergic reactions

Vasoactive
Chemotatic

41
Q

List 4 chemical mediators white vasoactive effect?

A

Histamine
Serotonin
Bradykinin
Prostaglandins

42
Q

List 4 chemical mediators with chemotatic effects

A

Fibrin
Collagen
Mast cell chemotatic factors
Bacterial peptides

43
Q

What is Exudate?

A

Plasma proteins, blood cells (wbc), debris and pus

44
Q

Edema

A

Leakage of vascular fluid (exudate)

45
Q

How is the transmigration of WBC done

A

Chemotaxis

46
Q

What is pus

A

Mix of dead leukocytes, bacteria, and tissue cells

47
Q

What tells the hypothalamus to increase temperature?

A

Cytokines

48
Q

What are the 3 parts to fever?

A

Chill- physical reactions, goose bumps, shivering. Heat is increasing
Fever- prolonged elevated temp
Crisis- sweating and cooling of body temp

49
Q

Pyrogens

A

Microbes and there products like LPS and leukocytes products like interleukins
Increase temp
Vasoconstriction

50
Q

What inhibits microbe and viral multiplication?

A

Fever

51
Q

What resets hypothalamic thermostat?

A

Prostaglandin

52
Q

What is phagocytosis

A

Recognize, and golf and destroy invading pathogens.
Macrophages and neutrophils.
Principal means of eliminating pathogen’s.

53
Q

What are the 4 steps of phagocytosis

A

Recognition.
Engulfment.
Digestion.
Expulsion.

54
Q

Who are the early responders to inflammation?

A

Neutrophils and eosinophils

55
Q

What is the primary component of pus

A

Neutrophils

56
Q

What is the primary responder to parasitic infections

A

Eosinophils

57
Q

Name 3 places macrophages can be found

A

Alveolar
Kupffer
Langerhans

58
Q

How do phagocytes Recognize pathogens?

A

They have cell surface receptors that bind to antigenic determinants of pathogen’s.

59
Q

What do complement proteins do?

A

Help to form a bridge between the microphage and the pathogen aiding and phagocytosis

Opsonization

60
Q

How do phagocytes engulf pathogen’s

A

Once attached it extends psueudopods around the pathogen

Producing a phagosome

61
Q

What is a phagosome

A

A membrane bound vacuole or pocket

62
Q

What happens when phagocyte digestion pathogen

A

Phagosome merges with lysosome forming a phagolysosome and the chemicals within digest the pathogen

Takes about 30 mins

63
Q

What is in phagolysosome?

A 
Oxygen dependent system
Oxidative burst
Enzymes
Nitric oxide
Debris
64
Q

Why is interferon produced

A

It’s produced due to viral infections, microbe infections, RNA, immune products, antigens.

65
Q

What is interferons

A

Small proteins that impair viral replication

They are passed from virally infected cells into neighboring health cells

66
Q

Complement

A

Consist of 26 blood protein and produced by liver hepatocytes, lymphocytes, and monocytes

  • defense system consisting of 26 serum proteins found in blood, lymph and ECF
67
Q

What are the consequences of complement cascade

A

Cytolysis
Initiate inflammation
Opsonization

68
Q

What is cytolysis

A

Bursting invaders cell wall

69
Q

What attaches to pathogen so macrophages can engulf it more easily?

A

Cascade protein

70
Q

What are the 3 pathways that can trigger complement

A

Classical pathway- activated by antibody bound to microorganism
Lectin pathway- host protein bind to sugar on wall of fungi or other microbes
Alternative pathway- complement proteins bind to normal cell wall and/or surface components of microbes

Microbiology 2320 (9 decks)

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