Chapter 14 Flashcards
First Defense
List 3
Structural
Mechanical
Biochemical
Second line of defense
List 5
Complement Phagocytosis Inflammation Fever Viral specific defenses
Third line of defense
List 2
Humoral immunity
Cellular immunity
What sheds microbes and nutrients quickly?
Sloughing
Why is skin a good structural defense?
The cells are tightly fit
Thick, strong and waterproof
What is the role of mucous membranes?
They line all the body cavities open to the environment.
Name 2 layers of mucous membranes?
Epithelium cells and deeper connective layer that supports the epithelium.
How do body fluids mechanically remove microbes?
Urine
Tears
What keeps bacteria from settling?
Peristalsis moves it along GI tract
Mucociliary System
Mucus is produced to trap organisms and ciliary sweeps it up and out
Name 5 biochemical defenses
Sebum on skin Sweat makes skin salty Stomach secretions Bile disrupt cell envelope Lysozyme break down peptidoglycan
Reticuloendothelial
RES
Network of connective tissue fibers
Interconnects cells
Allows immune cells to bind and move outside the blood and lymphatic systems
Extracellular Fluid
ECF
Space that surrounds tissue cells and RES
Enable the cells to move
Neutrophils
First Blood phagocytes Active engulfed and killers of bacteria -phagocytosis cells and voracious eaters Mostly stay in tissue Short live only 3-8 days
Basophils
Fifth
Function in inflammatory events and allergies
Filled with histamine and other chemical mediators.
Eosinophils
Fourth
Active in worm and fungal infections, allergy, and inflammatory reactions
More numerous in spleen and bone marrow
-contain digestive enzymes and toxic granules.
They gather around and release enzymes to kill worms
Monocytes
Third Blood phagocytes that become macrophages and dendrites Antigen presenting cell Releases chemical mediators Long lived Can be fix or wandering Phagoctic cell
Macrophages
Largest phagocytes that ingest and kill foreign cells
- scavengers
- Histiocytes- reside in one location
- under how phagocytosis
- interacts with b and T cells
Lymphocytes
Second
Primary cells involved with specific immune reactions
TCell- train thymus
BCell- train bone marrow
List 3 Granulocytes
Neutrophils
Basophils
Eosinophils
NET
Neutrophil Extracellular Trap
Prevents bacteria from spreading and have bactericidal properties
Dendritic cells
Sixth Part of monocytes line Reside in tissues and RES Primary job is antigen presentation -provers foreign matter and present it to lymphocytes
Mast cells
Like basophils but are non motile and are found in connective tissue
- trigger local inflammatory reactions
- responsible for many allergic symptoms
Lymphatic system
List 6
Fluids Vessels Nodes Spleen Thymus Miscellaneous
What is in the plasmas like fluid in Lymphatic system list 5
Water Dissolved salts Proteins White blood cells No red blood cells
What does lymph depend on to move
Muscles contractions
What parts of the body do Lymph system not permeate? List 4
CNS
Bob
Placenta
Thymus
What do lymph nodes do
Provide environment for immune reactions
Filter for lymph
Where are lymph nodes located? List 5
Thoracic cavity Abdominal cavity Armpit Groin Neck
What happens when kids lose there spleen
They become immunocompromised
What does the spleen do?
Filter blood
Traps pathogens and phagocytosis them
Located in upper left portion of abdominal cavity
Thymus
Embryo- two lobes, high activity until puberty release mature T cells
Adult- gradually shrinks, lymph node and spleen makes TCells
What are the 5 major symptoms of inflammation
Redness. Warmth. Swelling. Pain. Loss of function.
What is inflammation
A condition brought on by infection, tissue injury, or immune response
What do inflammation do?
List 3
Mobilize and attract immune cells to the site
Mobilize repair, and clean up of site
Destroy microbes and block further infection
What are the stages of inflammation?
Vascular changes
Edema
Fever
What happens during the increased vessel dilation of inflammation
Blood supply to tissue increases making it able to carry more leukocytes and serum proteins, which causes erythema
What is erythema
Redness and warmth
What is diapedesis?
Migration of WBC or transmigration
What do chemical mediators do during inflammation?
Cause fever , stimulate lymphocytes, and prevent virus spread, cause allergic reactions
Vasoactive
Chemotatic
List 4 chemical mediators white vasoactive effect?
Histamine
Serotonin
Bradykinin
Prostaglandins
List 4 chemical mediators with chemotatic effects
Fibrin
Collagen
Mast cell chemotatic factors
Bacterial peptides
What is Exudate?
Plasma proteins, blood cells (wbc), debris and pus
Edema
Leakage of vascular fluid (exudate)
How is the transmigration of WBC done
Chemotaxis
What is pus
Mix of dead leukocytes, bacteria, and tissue cells
What tells the hypothalamus to increase temperature?
Cytokines
What are the 3 parts to fever?
Chill- physical reactions, goose bumps, shivering. Heat is increasing
Fever- prolonged elevated temp
Crisis- sweating and cooling of body temp
Pyrogens
Microbes and there products like LPS and leukocytes products like interleukins
Increase temp
Vasoconstriction
What inhibits microbe and viral multiplication?
Fever
What resets hypothalamic thermostat?
Prostaglandin
What is phagocytosis
Recognize, and golf and destroy invading pathogens.
Macrophages and neutrophils.
Principal means of eliminating pathogen’s.
What are the 4 steps of phagocytosis
Recognition.
Engulfment.
Digestion.
Expulsion.
Who are the early responders to inflammation?
Neutrophils and eosinophils
What is the primary component of pus
Neutrophils
What is the primary responder to parasitic infections
Eosinophils
Name 3 places macrophages can be found
Alveolar
Kupffer
Langerhans
How do phagocytes Recognize pathogens?
They have cell surface receptors that bind to antigenic determinants of pathogen’s.
What do complement proteins do?
Help to form a bridge between the microphage and the pathogen aiding and phagocytosis
Opsonization
How do phagocytes engulf pathogen’s
Once attached it extends psueudopods around the pathogen
Producing a phagosome
What is a phagosome
A membrane bound vacuole or pocket
What happens when phagocyte digestion pathogen
Phagosome merges with lysosome forming a phagolysosome and the chemicals within digest the pathogen
Takes about 30 mins
What is in phagolysosome?
Oxygen dependent system Oxidative burst Enzymes Nitric oxide Debris
Why is interferon produced
It’s produced due to viral infections, microbe infections, RNA, immune products, antigens.
What is interferons
Small proteins that impair viral replication
They are passed from virally infected cells into neighboring health cells
Complement
Consist of 26 blood protein and produced by liver hepatocytes, lymphocytes, and monocytes
- defense system consisting of 26 serum proteins found in blood, lymph and ECF
What are the consequences of complement cascade
Cytolysis
Initiate inflammation
Opsonization
What is cytolysis
Bursting invaders cell wall
What attaches to pathogen so macrophages can engulf it more easily?
Cascade protein
What are the 3 pathways that can trigger complement
Classical pathway- activated by antibody bound to microorganism
Lectin pathway- host protein bind to sugar on wall of fungi or other microbes
Alternative pathway- complement proteins bind to normal cell wall and/or surface components of microbes
