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BI 234 Microbiology > Chapter 15 > Flashcards

Chapter 15 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

E) both leukotrienes and histamine

A

E. Both leukotrienes and Histamines.

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2
Q

E) are specialists in killing bacteria.

A

D. are nonspecific leukocytes that secrete toxins onto the surface of virally infected cells.

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3
Q

E) macrophages

A

e. macrophages

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4
Q

E) lymphocytes

A

d. eosinophils

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5
Q

E) C5

A

c. C3

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6
Q

E) an increase in allergies and helminth infection

A

c. the movement of a cell toward or away from a chemical stimulus.

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7
Q

E) They release prostaglandins and leukotrienes in response to microbes.

A

d. They increase in allergies and helminth infection

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8
Q

E) It plays a very significant role in the elimination of parasitic helminths.

A

c. Its activation is independent of antibodies

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9
Q

E) extension of pseudopodia to surround a microbe.

A

a. movement of cells toward or away from a chemical stimulus

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10
Q
  1. Neutrophils can kill bacteria by nonphagocytic mechanisms
A

A

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11
Q
  1. Histamine and prostaglandins are involved in inflammatory reactions
A

A

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12
Q

E) neutrophil

A

a. monocyte

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13
Q

E) phagocytic cells

A

a. antibodies

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14
Q

E) wandering macrophages

A

D. dendritic cells

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15
Q

E) MACs on the surface of microbes are detected by NOD proteins.

A

A. TLRs in the phagocyte cytoplasmic membrane bind surface structures of microbes.

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16
Q

E) the end result of only the alternative complement system.

A

D. the end result of both the classical and alternative complement systems.

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17
Q

E) damage resulting in cell lysis.

A

E. damage resulting in cell lysis

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18
Q

E) the release prostaglandins and leukotrienes in response to microbes.

A

B. the process in which monocytes stick to the wall of the blood vessels at the site of infection

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19
Q

E) macrophages - lymph nodes

A

C. Microglial cells - spleen

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20
Q

E) odor

A

E. odor

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21
Q

E) both the absence of necessary receptors and lack of suitable environment in the body

A

E. both the absence of necessary receptors and lack of suitable environment in the body

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22
Q

E) tears and mucus combine to trap microbes and remove them.

A

D. tears contain lysozyme and salt and mechanically flush particles from the eyes

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23
Q

E) triggering inflammation and attracting phagocytes to sites of infection.

A

E. triggering inflammation and attracting phagocytes to sites of infection

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24
Q

E) They identify and spare normal cells.

A

D. They attach to the surface of parasitic helminths and produce toxins that kill the parasite.

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25
Q

E) formation of neutrophil extracellular traps, phagocytosis, and production of nitric oxide.

A

E. formation of neutrophil extracellular traps, phagocytosis, and production of nitric oxide.

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26
Q

E) a type of granule in a granulocyte.

A

A. the remains of a phagosome after digestion

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27
Q

E) killing

A

A. activation

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28
Q

E) chemokines and peptides from complement

A

E. chemokines and peptides from complement

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29
Q

E) produce no adverse effects in the body.

A

C. are produced by infected fibroblasts and macrophages.

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30
Q

E) the presence of resident bacteria on the surface of the body and in cavities that connect to the surface.

A

B. the presence of normal microbiota that protect the body by competing with pathogens in a variety of ways to prevent pathogens from invading the body.

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31
Q

E) a tumor

A

E. a tumor

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32
Q

E) lysozymes are always present.

A

A. they are both constantly shedding and replacing cells.

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33
Q

E) siderophores

A

A. M protein

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34
Q

E) nonspecific leukocytes that secrete toxins onto the surface of virally infected cells.

A

A. phagocyte receptors that detect PAMPs.

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35
Q

E) cells squeeze through the lining of capillaries to attack invading microbes.

A

E. cells squeeze through the lining of capillaries to attack invading microbes.

36
Q
  1. Sweat contains lysozyme
A

A

37
Q
  1. Some Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are found on the surface of host cells and recognize specific microbial molecules
A

A

38
Q
  1. Interferons work against viruses.
A

A

39
Q

E) nonspecific leukocytes that secrete toxins onto the surface fo virally infected cells.

A

B. Intact skin, seburn, tears, etc.

40
Q

E) It is acidic

A

C. it has goblet cells

41
Q

E) The mucus physically traps microbes, contains a variety of antimicrobial chemicals, and is shed constantly, along with the outermost layer of cells.

A

E. The mucus physically traps microbes, contains a variety of antimicrobial chemicals, and is shed constantly, along with the outermost layer of cells.

42
Q

E) leukotrienes

A

A. gamma interferons

43
Q

E) It blocks the release of histamine

A

A. It acts as an antiprostaglandin

44
Q

E) Phagocyte receptors that detect PAMPs

A

A. the coating of a pathogen by complement

45
Q

E) They kill cells by causing cell lysis.

A

C. They release prostaglandins and leukotrienes in response to microbes.

46
Q

E) the effectiveness in killing Gram-negative bacteria

A

B. The range of microbes that can be targeted

47
Q

E) NOD protein - neutrophil

A

D. Alpha interferon - natural killer lymphocyte

48
Q

E) is a chemotatic substance that attracts neutrophils.

A

a. is part of the capsule and prevents adherence of phagocytes to its surface

49
Q

E) eosinophils and neutrophils

A

E. Eosinophils and neutrophils

50
Q

E) basophils

A

E. Basophils

51
Q

2.) Deeper connective layer that supports the epithelium

A

all, thin, mucous, living, tightly, shedding, microorganisms, traps, secretion, antimicrobial chemicals

52
Q

*Most eye infections is by _

A

drains tears, blinking, washes, lsyozyme, peptidoglycan, gram (+), gram negatives

53
Q

Lacrimal apparatus:

A

~ Produces and drains tears

54
Q
  • Promote _ by providing _ to host
A

normal microbiota, ANTAGONISTIC, hard, compete, nutrients, unfavorable, microorganisms, second line, overall health, vitamins

55
Q

a.) Microbial antagonism:

A

Normal microbiota compete with potential

56
Q

~ Serum: is the fluid remaining when _ are removed. Includes iron-_, _proteins, and _. Serum does not contain _

A

water, electrolytes, proteins, clotting factors, binding compounds, complement, antibodies, fibrinogen

57
Q

Plasma

A

~ Mostly water containing electrolytes, dissolved gases, nutrients, and proteins

58
Q

Serum:

A

is the fluid remaining when clotting factors are removed. Includes iron-binding compounds, complement proteins, and antibodies. Serum does not contain fibrinogen

59
Q

3.) Leukocytes (_ blood cells): Involved in defending the body against _. Divided into _ and _

A

cell fragments, formed elements, oxygen, carbon dioxide, blood clotting, white, invaders, granulocytes, agranulocytes

60
Q

Erythrocytes

A

Carry oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood

61
Q

Leukocytes (white blood cells):

A

Involved in defending the body against invaders. Divided into granulocytes and agranulocytes

62
Q

~ Can kill bacteria by _ means as well

A

granules, different, blue, basic dye, red/orange, eosin, lilac, basic dyes, phagocytize, diapedsis, non-phagocytotic

63
Q

Granulocytes:

A

Contain large granules that stain different colors

64
Q

Basophils -

A

stain blue with basic dye methylene blue

65
Q

Eosinophils -

A

stain red/orange with acidic dye eosin

66
Q

Neutrophils -

A

stain lilac with mix of acidic and basic dyes

67
Q

Neutrophils and eosinophils:

A

~ Phagocytize pathogens

68
Q

~ _ cells

A

cytoplasm, uniform, adaptive immunity, tissues, macrophages, phagocytic

69
Q

Agranulocytes:

A

Cytoplasm appears uniform under a light microscope

70
Q

Most involved in adaptive immunity

A

Most involved in adaptive immunity

71
Q

Monocytes:

A

~ Leave the blood and moves in tissues and mature into macrophages

72
Q

~ _ infections show increase in _ (virus killing)

A

white blood, disease, eosinophils, allergies, bacterial, leukocytes, neutrophils, viral, lymphocytes

73
Q

5.) Elimination

A

phagocytes, understood, movement, stimulus, binding, endocytosis, endocytic vesicle,

74
Q

~ Eosinophil _ DNA and _ form structure that _ some bacteria

A

helminths, surface, toxins, helminth, esosinophils, helminth, mitochondrial, proteins, kills

75
Q

Killing by eosinophils:

A

~ Attack parasitic helminths by attaching to their surface

76
Q

~ _ normal body cells because they have _ similar to the _cells

A

toxins, virally, tumors, differentiate, membrane proteins, NK

77
Q

Killing by natural killer (NK) lymphocytes:

A

~ Secrete toxins onto surface of virally infected cells and tumors

78
Q

2.) Type II (_)

A

virally, nonspecifically, symptoms, viral infections, alpha, gamma

79
Q

Interferons:

A

~ Released by virally infected host cells to nonspecifically inhibit the spread of viral infections

80
Q
  • _ on many cells bind and _ down _ proteins
A

triggering, phagocytes, infection, attract, phagocytosis, killing, MAC, complement cascade, proteins, break, activated complement

81
Q

Opsonization;

A

increases phagocytosis

82
Q
  • Long-lasting (chronic)
A

nonspecific, various, redness,

83
Q

[Inflammation]

A

~ Nonspecific response to tissue damage from various causes

84
Q

*_ repair

A

quickly, short, beneficial, second line, dilation, permeability, phagocytes, tissue

85
Q

off as a scab.

A

epidermis, prostaglandins, leukotrienes, histamine, leukotrienes, permeable, vasodilation, macrophages, permeability, antimicrobial, clotting proteins, swelling, phagocytes, devour, damaged tissue, pus, undifferentiated, absorbed

BI 234 Microbiology (8 decks)

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