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BI 234 Microbiology > Chapt 23, 24, 25 > Flashcards

Chapt 23, 24, 25 Flashcards

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1
Q

Define:
Definitive Host
Intermediate Host

A

Definitive host: Reproductive cycle completed

Intermediate host: Any other life stage

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2
Q

Name 2 life stages of protozoans

A

Trophozoite: actively growing
Cyst: dormant, environmentally resistant

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3
Q

Define flagellates and give 4 examples of flagellate genera

A 
Flagellates are protozoa that have at least one flagellum.
Trypanosoma
Leishmania
Giardia
Trichomonas
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4
Q

What part of the host are Giardia intestinalis found?

A

Found in intestinal tracts of animals

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5
Q

How many nuclei do Giardia intestinalis trophozoites have?

A

2 nuclei

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6
Q

How is Giardia intestinalis spread?

A

Transmitted via ingestion of cysts in contaminated water and food.

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7
Q

Describe the life cycle of Giardia intestinalis

A

Giardia trophozoites multiply in the small intestine. The trophozoites are excreted in feces and encyst once out of body.

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8
Q

Signs and symptoms of Giardiasis

A

Range from asymptomatic infections to significant gastrointestinal disease. Explosive, foul smelling, greasy diarrhea. Some people get sever joint inflammation, itchy rash.

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9
Q

What is the organism that causes Trichomonasis

A

The flagellate Trichomona vaginalis.

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10
Q

Describe the appearance of Trichomona vaginalis trophozoites under a microscope.

A

Oval or pear shaped, 5 flagella, undulating membrane.

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11
Q

Where does Trichomona vaginalis attach in their human host?

A

Women: vulva and vagina
Men: urethra and prostate

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12
Q

How is Trichomona vaginalis transmitted?

A

Sex

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13
Q

Signs and symptoms of Trichomonasis

A

Women: vaginitis–foul smelling greenish yellow discharge, intense itching, lesions on vagina and cervix.
Men: typically asymptomatic. Possible inflammation of urethra and bladder.

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14
Q

What are the 4 main species of protozoa that cause malaria, and which species causes the most severe disease in humans?

A

Plasmodium falciparum
P. vivax
P. ovale
P. malariae

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15
Q

What is an apicomplexan, and give two example of apicomplexans

A

Apicomplexans have some organelle structure at the apical part of the cell. They are an amoeboid, intracellular protozoan.
Examples: Plasmodium spp., Toxoplasma gondii.

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16
Q

What is the transmission vector of Plasmodium spp.?

A

Mosquito vector

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17
Q

What are the definitive and intermediate hosts of Plasmodium spp?

A

Definitive host: female Anopheles mosquito

Intermediate host: humans, cattle

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18
Q

Describe life cycle of Pasmodium

A
  1. Sporozoites injected into host during blood meal.
    2*. Sporozoites invade liver cells and undergo schizogony (fission).
  2. Liver cells rupture and release merozoites into blood.
  3. Merozoites penetrate erythrocytes and become trophozoites, which undergo schizogony to produce more merozoites. (Erythrocytic cycle)
  4. Some merozoites develop into gametocytes within erythrocytes.
  5. Mosquito ingests gametocytes during blood meal and undergo sporogonic cycle in mosquito.
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19
Q

What is the disease that is the reason pregnant women should avoid changing cat litter, and what is the organism that causes it?

A

The disease is Toxoplasmosis, which is caused by the protozoan Toxoplasma gondii. T. gondii is an apicomplexan. Major reservoirs are wild and domestic mammals/birds.

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20
Q

Transmission of Toxoplasma gondii

A

Consumption of undercooked meat.

Ingestion/inhalation of contaminated soil.

21
Q

Definitive and intermediate host of Toxoplasma gondii

A

Definitive host: cat

Intermediate host: human, rodent, cattle, pig

22
Q

Describe the life cycle of Toxoplasma gondii

A
  1. Sexual reproduction of parasite in cat’s digestive system, and immature oocytes shed in cat feces.
  2. Oocyst produces intracellular sporozoites.
  3. Oocysts* are ingested by host such as cat, mouse, human, or livestock.
  4. Sporozoites invade tissue, producing pseudocysts, which contain bradyzoites.
  5. Bradyzoites* are ingested by humans in undercooked meats.
23
Q

Toxoplasma gondii can cross the placenta. T/F

A

True

24
Q

What are the scientific names of the beef tapeworm and pork tapeworm

A

Beef tapeworm: Taenia saginata

Pork tapeworm: Taenia solium

25
Q

Taenia saginata definitive host and intermediate host

A

Definitive host: Human

Intermediate host: Cattle

26
Q

Taenia solium définitive host and intermediate host

A

Definitive host: Human

Intermediate host: Human or pig

27
Q

Describe the life cycle of Taenia spp

A
  1. Eggs and egg-filled proglottids pass into the environment in feces.
  2. Intermediate hosts ingest eggs on contaminated food.
  3. Eggs hatch into larvae that penetrate the intestinal wall and migrate to other tissues.
  4. Larva develops into a cysticercus in muscle.
  5. Humans ingest cysticercus in raw or undercooked contaminated meat.
  6. Cysticercus encysts, attaches to mucosa of small intestine, and matures.
  7. Adult worm forms new proglottids.
28
Q

Dipylidium caninum definitive host and intermediate host

A

Definitive host: Dog (also foxes, cats, small humans)

Intermediate host: Flea

29
Q

Describe the life cycle of Trichinella spiralis

A
  1. Ingestion of undercooked encysted pork or wild game.
  2. Cyst wall removed by ingestion, worms mate in intestine.
  3. Eggs hatch in female body.
  4. Larvae leave female body, enter blood stream/lymph.
  5. Move into muscle, liver, heart, lungs and encyst.
30
Q

Enterobius vermicularis intermediate and definitive host

A

Humans are both definitive and intermediate host

31
Q

Life cycle of Enterovius vermicularis

A
  1. Ingested eggs hatch in intestine.
  2. Larvae mature and mate in intestine.
  3. Female pinworms leave hosts body and deposits eggs in perianal area.
32
Q

Name the Happy (HHAPPP) group of DNA viruses and the diseases they cause

A

Hepadnaviridae - Hepatitis B
Herpesviridae - Herpes simplex, chicken pox, EBV, CMV
Adenoviridae - Respiratory infections, colds
Poxviridae - smallpox, cowpox
Parvoviridae - “fifth disease”
Papovaviridae - Human papilloma (warts)

33
Q

Which is the most prevalent of the DNA viruses

A

HHV (Human Herpesvirus)

34
Q

What are the characteristics of HHV?

A
  • Enveloped
  • Polyhedral capsids
  • Linear dsDNA
  • Latent
35
Q

What is the disease caused by HHV-1, and in which nerve is it latent?

A

Cold sores

Latent in trigeminal (V) nerve

36
Q

What is the disease caused by HHV-2, and in which nerve is it latent?

A

Genital herpes

Latent in sacral ganglia

37
Q

Which viruses make up the herpes simplex viruses

A

HHV-1 and HHV-2

38
Q

What is the disease caused by HHV-3

A

Chicken pox (Varicella)

39
Q

What is the disease caused by HHV-4, and where does it become latent

A

Epstein-Barr Virus Infections

Latent in B cells (suppresses apoptosis, causing B cell proliferation)

40
Q

What disease does HHV-5 cause

A

Cytomegalovirus

41
Q

Cytomagalovirus (HHV-5) is a common infection in humans. What are special concerns for exposure to this virus?

A

In-utero exposure and organ transplants due to suppressed immune system.

42
Q

What is the disease from Papovaviridae (HPV)?

A

Papillomas (warts)

43
Q

How is HPV transmitted?

A
  • Direct contact, including sexual activity
  • Fomites
  • Autoinoculation
44
Q

What are the different types of Hepatitis Viruses?

A 
Hepatitis A - Infectious hepatitis
Hepatitis B - Serum hepatitis
Hepatitis C - Chronic hepatitis (NANB)
Hepatitis D - Delta agent hepatitis
Hepatitis E - Enteric hepatitis
45
Q

Which ones of the hepatitis viruses are transmitted via fecal-oral, and which ones are blood borne?

A

Hepatitis A and E are fecal-oral.

Hepatitis B, C, and D are blood borne.

46
Q

Which one of the 5 Hepatitis viruses is a DNA virus (vs RNA)?

A

Hepatitis B (Hepadnaviridae) is a DNA virus.

47
Q

Why is there no immunity following a Hepatitis E infection?

A

Hepatitis E is an Enteric hepatitis, affecting the gut. There is not a lot of T cell surveillance in the gut, hence no acquired immunity.

48
Q

The Epstein-Barr virus is implicated in all of the following diseases EXCEPT:

a) Infectious mononucleosis
b) Burkitt’s lymphoma
c) Cervical cancer
d) Chronic fatigue syndrome
e) Nasopharyngeal carcinoma

A

c) cervical cancer

49
Q

The first step in biosynthesis of Retroviruses (e.g. HIV) is:
A) direct translation of RNA into protein
B) replication of RNA
C) transcription of RNA from DNA
D) reverse-transcription of RNA into DNA
E) replication of DNA

A

D) reverse-transcription of RNA into DNA

BI 234 Microbiology (8 decks)

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