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Biochemistry > Chapter 15 > Flashcards

Chapter 15 Flashcards

1
Q

Monosaccharides

A

Sugars that cannot be hydrolyzed into simpler carbohydrates

  • Trioses
  • Tetroses
  • Pentoses
  • Hexoses
  • Heptoses
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2
Q

Disaccharides

A

Condensation products of two monosaccharide units

  • Lactose
  • Maltose
  • Isomaltose
  • Sucrose
  • Trehalose
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3
Q

Polysaccharides

A

Condensation products of more than ten monosaccharide units (may be linear or branched polymers)

  • Starches
  • Dextrins
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4
Q

What is a functional group at the first carbon in an aldose?

A

Aldehyde

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5
Q

What is a functional group at the second carbon in a ketose?

A

Ketone

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6
Q

What does D refer to?

A

Dexter (on the right)

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7
Q

What does L refer to?

A

Laevus (on the left)

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8
Q

How do you recognize D based on the Fisher Projection?

A

When the penultimate (next to last) -OH group is on the right hand side.

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9
Q

How do you recognize L based on the Fisher Projection?

A

When the penultimate (next to last) _OH group is on the left hand side

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10
Q

Epimer

A

Isomers differing as a result of variations in configuration of the -OH & -H on carbon atom 2, 3, & 4 of glucose

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11
Q

How many chiral centers does a triose have?

A

1

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12
Q

How many chiral centers does a tetrose have?

A

2

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13
Q

How many chiral centers does a pentose have?

A

3

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14
Q

How many chiral centers does a hexose have?

A

4

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15
Q

If a molecule has 4 chiral centers, how many stereoisomers will it have?

A

Maximum of 16

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16
Q

D-isomers of aldo triose

A
  • D-Glycerose (D-Glyceraldehyde)
17
Q

D-isomers of aldo tetrose

A
  • D-Erythrose
18
Q

D-isomers of aldo pentose

A
  • D-Lyxose
  • D-Xylose
  • D-Arabinose
  • D-Ribose
19
Q

D-isomers of aldo hexose

A
  • D-Galactose
  • D-Mannose
  • D-Glucose
20
Q

D-isomers of keto triose

A
  • Dihydroxyacetone
21
Q

D-isomers of keto pentose

A
  • D-Xylulose
  • D-Ribulose
22
Q

D-isomers of keto hexose

A
  • D-Fructose
23
Q

D-isomers of keto heptose

A
  • D-Sedoheptulose
24
Q

Oxidation of the aldehyde group produces what functional group?

A

Carboxylic Acid

25
Q

Reduction of the aldehyde group produces what functional group?

A

Primary Alcohol

26
Q

Oxidation of a primary alcohol produces what functional group?

A

Aldehyde

27
Q

Pyranose

A

A collective term for carbohydrates that have a chemical structure that includes a six-membered ring consisting of five carbon atoms and one oxygen atom

28
Q

Furanose

A

A collective term for carbohydrates that have a chemical structure that includes a five-membered ring system consisting of four carbon atoms and one oxygen atom

29
Q

How is a pyranose formed in a monosaccharide?

A
  • The pyranose ring is formed by the reaction of the hydroxyl group on carbon 5 (C-5) of a sugar with the aldehyde at carbon 1.
  • This forms an intramolecular hemiacetal.
  • -OH attacks -CHO
30
Q

How is a furanose formed in a monosacchardie?

A
  • The reaction is between the C-4 hydroxyl and the aldehyde
  • -OH attacks -CHO
31
Q

What functional group is present at the anomeric carbon in a monosaccharide when it exists in a pyranose form?

A

Hemiacetal

32
Q

What functional group is formed in a disaccharide when two monosaccharides are condensed at their anomeric carbons?

A

Acetal*

33
Q

Common Disaccharides

A
  • Sucrose (glucosyl-fructose)
  • Lactose (galactosyl-glucose)
  • Maltose (glucosyl-glucose)
  • Isomaltose
  • Lactulose
  • Trehalose (glucosyl-glucoside)
34
Q

Acidic Polysaccharides

A

Polysaccharides that contain carboxyl groups, phosphate groups and/or sulfuric ester groups

35
Q

Acidic Polysaccharide Examples

A
  • Hyaluronic Acid*
  • Chondroitin Sulfate*
  • Heparin*

Biochemistry (17 decks)

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