Chapter 15 Flashcards
What is a transport system?
A system that consists of many parts that perform their individual specific functions working together for a common function
To stay alive, living cells need to exchange substances like?
- oxygen
- carbon dioxide
- digested food
- mineral salts
- waste
What kind of organisms DO NOT need transport system?
unicellular organisms
How are substances transported?
- Each part has a specific function, they all work together to move substances around human/plant
- If one part does not work well, the whole system will be affected
How do exchange of materials occur? (in plants)
DIRECTLY with environment
Why is a transport system required in larger multicellular organisms?
To transport substances to and away from cells QUICKLY
What does the Human circulatory system consist of?
- Heart
- Blood
- Blood vessels
Characteristics of heart
- Is a muscular pump that pumps blood out of the heart and around the body
- Location: near the centre of chest
- Walls of heart are made of muscles which are very strong
- Heart- generates great force so that blood can be circulated to all parts of the body from head to toe- this means- the blood in the major blood vessels is at high pressure
What could cells die from?
- may die from starvation or be poisoned by waste without a transport system
What do cells require in order to survive?
- continuous supply of oxygen and digested food
- requires carbon dioxide and waste products to be removed quickly
What is blood?
- Is a fluid tissue
Tissue- group of similar cells working togther for a common function
Red blood cells (characteristic/function/other)
- suspended in a pale yellow liquid called plasma (these 2 components help to transport substances to and from cells in body)
- Function- transport oxygen to different parts of body
- Characteristic
^no nucleus- more space for
oxygen
^contains hemoglobin (special
red pigment) - carry
oxygen
What happens when oxygen binds with hemoglobin?
Blood becomes oxygenated
What does the hemoglobin do?
- carries oxygen around the body and releases oxygen when it passes the body cells
Plasma (characteristics/function/other)
- pale yellowish liquid
-90% water,
-10% soluble substances - nutrients, waste materials, mineral salts - Function-
^ transports water and
dissolved substances
(digested food, mineral salts,
waste products) to different
parts of the body
^ transports substances
needed by cells and removes
waste products away from
cells
White blood cells (characteristics/function/other)
- larger than red blood cells
- have an irregularly shaped nucleus
- colourless
- Function
^protects the body against
diseases and fights infection
Platelets (characteristics/function/other)
- Function
^ Involved in the clotting of
blood - small fragments of cells
- help to form blood clot, acting as a barrier
*to blood cells which prevent excessive bleeding
*preventing microorganisms from entering the wound and causing an infection
How does blood circulate?
- through the circulatory system in tubes known as blood vessels
Artery
blood vessels that USUALLY carry blood rich in oxygen and digested food (absorbed from the small intestine) blood AWAY from the heart
Vein
blood vessels that USUALLY carry blood poor in oxygen and rich in waste products and carbon dioxide towards the heart
Capillary (slightly harder)
- acts as the site of exchange of substances
- smallest and most numerous blood vessels
- carry oxygen and digested food to the body cells and transports carbon dioxide and waste away from the body cells
- allows exchange of materials (digested food, gases and waste) between blood and cells
- join to form veins
- close to the cells of the body
- very thin walls (one cell thick wall)- allow exchange of substances quickly
What does the circulatory system do?
- carries food and oxygen to all cells of the body
What is the transport system in flowering plants used to carry?
- used to carry water, minerals and nutrients to all cells in the plant
What is the transport system made up of? (flowering plants)
- vessels in the roots, stems and leaves
What are the two types of tissues that transports substances?
xylem
phloem
Function of xylem
- transports water and mineral salt from roots to all parts of the plant in an upward direction
(Xylem vessel - very strong and helps to provide support for the plant)
Function of phloem
- transports sugars made during photosynthesis from the leaves to all parts of plant in BOTH upward and downward direction
Removing the outermost layer of the tree trunk produce bigger fruits. The bark above removed area became swollen. Why does this happen?
- the phloem- carries sugar (made by leaves during photosynthesis)
- removing the outermost layer of the tree trunk, removes- some phloem and causes- less sugar to be transported downwards to bootym of tree and more sugar- transported to fruits, produce bigger fruits
- bark- above cut becomes swollen as sugar accumulated in that area and were unable to be transported downwards
What is diffusion important to living cells?
exchanges substances like oxygen, carbon dioxide, digested food, mineral salts
Define diffusion
- is the net (overall) movement of molecules from a region of higher concentration to aa region of lower concentration
- occurs both in plants and animals
What does the cell surface membrane allow for?
- allows some substances to pass through but not others
- oxygen, carbon dioxide and other small molecules such as glucose can pass through the cell surface membrane but other larger molecules are unable to
Where else can diffusion take place?
- through a membrane that allows small molecules to pass through but not large molecules
- as they do not allow all molecules to pass through, they are called partially permeable membranes
- diffusion can occur with or without a membrane
Diffusion through visking tubing
- smaller ink molecules0 able to move by diffusion through the pores of the membrane from the inside of the visking tubing where their concentration is higher to the water where their concentration is lower
- larger starch molecules are not able to do that as they are too big to pass through the pores
Examples of large molecules
- starch, protein, fat
Examples of small molecules
- glucose, oxygen, carbon dioxide, urea (waste product), water
Diffusion in animal (what header should this be guyz idk)
- Digested food and oxygen are of higher concentration in the blood as compared to the surrounding tissue
- These molecules leave the capillaries via diffusion and enter the tissues
- Carbon dioxide and waste products that are of higher concentration in the tissues blood as compared to blood
- These molecules leave the surrounding tissue and enter the capillaries via diffusion and are carried away
How does oxygen enter our cells from the blood? (use CMPO)
C- concentration:
- oxygen concentration is higher in the blood than our cells
M- movement:
- oxygen molecules move from red blood cells in our blood into our cells
P- process:
- by diffusion
O- observation:
- oxygen concentration increases in our cells but decrease in red blood cells
Diffusion in plants- leaf
- Leaves are the site of gaseous exchange in plants
- The gases diffuses out of plant cells and then out of the leaves via tiny tiny opening known as stomata
- During photosynthesis, the leaf cells- produce oxygen and glucose
- Oxygen produced within the leaf if of higher concentration than the surrounding, Oxygen diffuses out of the leaves (via stomata) where is of lower oxygen concentration (in the environment)
- Carbon dioxide diffuses from the air where it is of higher concentration into the leaf where it is of lower concentration
Diffusion in plants- roots
- Soil contains high concentration of material salts. The minerals salts must e dissolved to enter the cell membrane of root hair cells
- When the concentration of materials in the soil is higher than the root hair cells, dissolved minerals salts enter the root hair cells via diffusion
- The xylem transports mineral salts away to the rest of the plant and hence root cells usually have a lower concentration of mineral salts as compared to the soil.
- Hence, root cells usually gets a continuous supply/mineral salts via diffusion
What is osmosis?
- Osmosis- the net(overall) movement of water molecules from a region of higher water potential to a region of lower water potential through a partially permeable membrane
- presence of a partially permeable membrane and water molecules are needed in osmosis
DO NOT use the term- ‘water concentration’ to describe water potential
Does not make sense to use ‘water concentration’ as water is NOT dissolved in water
What does concentration refer to
the amount of solute particles dissolved per unit volume of solvent (eg. water)
What is ‘water potential’
- measure of the tendency of water molecules to move from one place to another
dilute solution- contains more water molecules per unit volume than a concentrated solution
dilute solutio- higher water potential than a concentrated solution
Osmosis in plants- root
- There is usually higher water potential in the soil in the root cells of plants
- The root cells have partially permeable membrane
- Water molecules enter the root cells from the soil by osmosis
Explain how water molecules enter a plant root (use CMPO)
- there is higher water potential in the soil compared to the root hair cell in the plant root
- water molecules enter the root hair cell from the soil
- by osmosis
- water potential in the root hair cell increase
What is drug?
substance that can affect body systems
What is drug abuse?
refers to the use of drugs in a way that harms a person’s health
Effects of drug abuse
- can affect the body systems
- severe cases- can lead to irreversible damage to organs or even DEATH
What is organ transplant?
- medical procedure carried out to replace a damaged organ
Demand od organs is higher than its supply
Alka is the BEST
ya duh 💅
Megan sucks
Leana sucks
Shafana sucks
