chapter 15, 16 Flashcards
What element is in contrast media used in radiology that is injected intravenously?
Iodine
When comparing hypodermic needle lumen sizes, which is smallest 19 or 21 gauge?
21; the larger the numbers the smaller the lumen
What is the technologist’s response to swelling around an IV site in addition to calling for a nurse?
Clamp off the IV and apply warm compress to the site
What is administration of a drug by penetrating the skin?
Parenterally
How far above the vein should the solution for an IV infusion be kept?
18 to 20 inches
What is the preferred site for an IV?
The arm
What is the usual flow rate for an adult’s IV?
20 drops per minute
What is it called when solution is leaking into the tissues?
Infiltration
What is the proper means of disposal for contaminated needles?
The uncapped needle is placed in a red sharps container
Is nitroglycerin a vasodilator or vasoconstrictor?
Vasodilator
Where is the basilic vein located that is commonly used as the injection site for intravenous urography (IVU) or intravenous pyelography (IVP) studies?
Antecubital space
In what group of drugs is penicillin found?
Antibiotics
In what group of drugs is Dilantin found?
Antiepileptics
In what group of drugs is epinephrine found?
Bronchodilators
In what group of drugs is heparin found?
Anticoagulants
What are common sites for intramuscular injections?
Upper arm or buttocks
In what group of drugs is Demerol found?
Analgesics
What is the most common use for Benadryl?
Allergies
What is the most common use for Aminophylline?
Asthma
What is the most common use for Digoxin?
Heart failure
What route of administration is chosen when a very rapid response is desired?
IV
How is nitroglycerin administered?
Sublingually
What does a sublingual administration refer to?
Under the tongue
In what group of drugs is Benadryl found?
Antihistamines
What does synonymous mean?
The same
What other drug is the same as epinephrine?
Adrenaline
What does the abbreviation IM stand for?
Intramuscular method of administering a drug
What is the diameter of a needle called?
Gauge
What is one of the primary steps to take before administering drugs by IV?
Check patient identification
A tourniquet is used during intravenous injections. When should the tourniquet be removed?
After needle insertion but before injection
When practicing standard precautions, how should any contact with blood or body fluids be considered?
Any exposure has the potential of being infectious
What is the escape of fluid from a vessel into the surrounding tissue?
Extravasation
What is an injection of a large amount of a pharmaceutical preparation?
Bolus
What is generally considered to be a low flow rate for a drip IV infusion?
10 to 20 drops/minute
What is the appearance of a negative contrast agent on a finished radiographic image?
A greater density than the surrounding tissue
What type of positive contrast agent does not dissolve into charged particles?
Non-ionic water-soluble iodinated contrast media
What does a high osmolality for water soluble iodinated contrast media mean in terms of adverse reactions?
It has more particles in solution and increased adverse reactions
What is considered to be the reason allergic reactions to water soluble iodinated contrast media occur?
The release of histamine by the cells of the body
What is the term for the number of particles in solution per kilogram of water?
Osmolality
What must be included on the chart about drugs administered?
Time of day, drug name, dose, and route of administration
What are common reactions to contrast media that generally do not require any treatment?
Altered or metallic taste, nausea and vomiting, feeling of flushing or warmth, headache, pain at injection site
What are some methods used to help make veins more prominent when they are difficult to locate?
Allow the arm to hang, apply hot packs, pat or rub the area
What are some of the more common patient factors to be considered before administering contrast media?
The history or presence of renal disease, presence of hypertension, age
What is the greatest disadvantage of oil based iodinated contrast media?
It is not water soluble so the body does not absorb it
What types of drugs may radiographers administer?
Intravenous contrast media (agents) such as for IVPs or barium sulfate (ba) for GI studies
What is the degree of angle for administering IM injections?
90 degrees
What does the abbreviation stat mean?
At once (immediately)
What does the abbreviation hs mean?
At bedtime
What does the abbreviation prn mean?
As necessary
What does the abbreviation qd mean?
Every day
How many times should the label of a drug be read before it is administered?
3 times
What assessments must the radiographer make for the site of an intravenous infusion while it is in place?
Coldness and swelling
How many times must the site for venipuncture be cleansed with an antiseptic solution?
3 times
Which groups of patients will have special needs for drug administration
elderly, infants and children
What are the primary parenteral routes of drug administration?
Subcutaneous, intramuscular, intradermal, intravenous
What are the topical routes of drug administration?
Skin for local treatment of lesions or skin conditions; to the eyes, nose, and throat; to respiratory mucosa by inhalation; to the vagina and rectum; and applied to the skin for systemic effect
What is are enteral routes of drug administration?
Oral,
sublingual,
buccal,
rectal
Who is allowed to prescribe medications?
Licensed physicians, dentists, podiatrists
What are the five rights of drug administration?
PDART- The right patient (P), the right drug (D), the right amount or dose (A), the right route (R), the right time (T)
What is hypotension?
Low blood pressure
What is dyspnea?
Shortness of breath (SOB)
When an emergency arises, what is the role of the radiographer regarding emergency drugs?
To know the location of the emergency cart and how to access it
While a radiographer may never have to mix two drugs into the same syringe s/he must remember to consult _____ before doing so, should the need ever arise.
Drug compatibility chart
What happens with many drugs that when combined with another drug can become inactivated or form a toxic compound or when two drugs are combined they increase the effect of each drug when given alone? An example of this is when a dose of heparin given with alcohol increases bleeding.
An additive reaction
After administration of iodinated contrast media, how are itching and difficulty breathing classified?
Adverse reactions
What determines the rate and extent of distribution of a drug to its intended site of action after it is absorbed into the body?
Adequate blood circulation
What are the actions of a drug on living tissues in the body?
Pharmacokinetics
What is the drug name given to the drug before its official approval for use?
Generic name
What is the drug name that presents the exact chemical formula of a drug and always remains the same?
Chemical name
What is the drug name assigned to a drug by a particular manufacturer of the drug?
Proprietary or trade name
Which drugs bear the legend “Caution: Federal law prohibits dispensing without prescription?”
Those administered parenterally
What must the professional administering drugs know about the drug?
Potential side effects and adverse reactions to the drug
What is a venous device used for intravenous injections at frequent or regular intervals?
Heparin lock
What vasopressor drug is generally used for cardiac arrest or anaphylactic reactions?
Epinephrine
What drug is generally used to treat dysrhythmias?
Lidocaine
What is the diameter of a needle’s lumen called?
bore/gauge
How does the gauge relate to the diameter of the needle?
The greater the gauge, the smaller the diameter
What are primary advantages of using non ionic water soluble contrast media?
Low toxicity and fewer adverse reactions
What is a primary disadvantage to using non ionic water soluble contrast media?
High cost
What is a quantity of medication introduced over a period of time?
An infusion
What is considered a normal range for blood urea nitrogen (BUN)?
8 to 25 mg/100 ml
What is used to relieve pain from angina pectoris?
Nitroglycerin
What is a severe constricting pain or sensation in the chest that may radiate to shoulder or arm that is related to coronary artery disease?
Angina pectoris (angina)
What is the state of being What is the radiographic study that is still performed and oil based iodinated contrast is still usedthick, sticky, and semifluid in consistency?
Viscosity
What is the usual needle angle recommended for intravenous injections?
15 degrees
How is the best venipuncture site chosen?
The most distal site in which the desired size needle can be used and the amount to be administered
What is the abbreviation for prescription?
Rx
After administration of contrast media how should the needle and syringe be discarded?
Do not bend or break the needle before discarding the syringe, do not remove the needle from a disposable syringe, and do not recap the needle
How should an IV for contrast media administration be discontinued?
Place gauze over injection site; quickly, smoothly, and gently remove the cannula from the vein, elevate extremity and apply pressure until all bleeding stops
What is the radiographic study that is still performed and oil based iodinated contrast is still used
Sialograms
what does ionic mean?
meaning they come apart in the bloodstream and fuse with other things
Nonionic =
they do not dissociate
Most common oil based exams?
Female reproduction
Salivary glands
Dripped into Respiratory tract
