chapter 15 Flashcards
what is psychotherapy?
treatment of mental health disorder by psychological rather medical terms
what is trepanation
drilling holes into an individuals skull to “release demons” that were thought to be the cause of mental illnesses
what is institutionalization
separating individuals with mental illnesses from society into a hospital or restricted environment
what is efficacy
the ability for research to produce desired outcomes based on research protocols that are strictly controlled
what is effectiveness
the ability for research to produce desired outcomes based on applied research protocols
what is the function of typical (1st gen) anti-psychotics
reduces amt of dopamine activity in the brain
what is the role of dopamine un people who have psychotic disorders
to produce symptoms similar to those of psychosis
what can an increase in dopamine lead to
anxiety, agitation, and hallucinations
what are extrapyramidal symptoms
serious side effects of antipsychotic medications that include physical rigidity/involuntary body movements
what are tardive dykinesia
involuntary movement in the face, tongue or arms which usually occurs when stopping anti-psychotic drugs
what is the function of atypical (2nd gen) antipsychotics
they act on dopamine and serotonin in the brain
what is the theory of depression
caused by are result of an imbalance of specific brain chemicals known as “monoamine neurotransmitters”
what are the three main classes of antidepressants?
monoamine oxidase inhibitors, tricyclic antidepressants, and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
what is the function of monoamine oxidase inhibitors
prevented the breakdown of serotonin, norepinephrine and dopamine remain which allowed them to stay in the synapse for a longer time which is a good thing
What are the four types of biological treatment for mental disorders
- Medications
- Electroconvulsive therapy
- psychosurgery
- transcranial magnetic stimulation
How did chlorpromazine work
it blocked dopamine receptors, but also made patients sleepy and had significant side effects
How do anti-anxiety benzodiazepines work
they facilitate GABA neurotransmitter activity to inhibit anxiety, but are easily tolerated and contain withdrawal symptoms
What are reuptake inhibitors (most common ones today)
they prevent neurotransmitters (have a greater effect on serotonin and less effect on norepinephrine and dopamine) from being recycled (taken back up) which increases the concentration of them in the synapse
what is electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) ?
induces controlled seizures and is safe + effective, but needs to be repeated multiple times
what is transcranial magnetic stimulation
uses electromagnetic currents to stimulate portions of the brain and produces small magnetic pulses that go about an inch into the brain to increase/decrease neuronal activity
What is psychosurgery
operation where psychological disorders are addressed using surgical processes like trepanation
what is DBS
embedded electrodes produce repetitive brain stimulation
what is psychotherapy
an approach to helping individuals identify change and overcome problematic thoughts, feelings, and behaviors
what is individual therapy
collaborative treatment that is based on relationship b/w an individual and a therapist
what is rapport
describes an individuals comfort and willingness to engage with their therapist
how is group therapy different from individual therapy?
group therapy focuses more on exploring current thoughts and feelings instead of a single mental health concern
what is humanistic therapy
focuses on individual characteristics with a goal of helping them devo a healthier and stronger sense of identity
what is cognitive therapy
treats psychological disorder by teaching thought mgmt techniques to dispel negative thinking patterns
what is insight therapy
uses a variety of techniques that help people gain more awareness of their unconscious thoughts, feelings and behaviors
what was psychoanalysis
focused on unlocking the unconscious mind of patients where patients would engage in free association (saying things off the top of their head)
what is resistance
occurs when a patient stops cooperating in psychoanalysis which could be because of repression (missed appointments, or forgotten dreams), insistence that they have recovered and no longer need therapy (denial) or expressing the desire to return to previously solved problems (regression)
what is transference
occurs when the patient redirects feelings for another person onto the therapist
what is behavior modification
process of changing problematic behaviors
what is contingency mgmt?
using rewards to reinforce appropriate behaviors
what is token economy
principle of behavior therapy that uses objects or symbols that are earned in response to a desired behavior
what is applied behavior analysis (ABA)
reduces inappropriate behaviors and inc effective communication, adaptive learning, and appropriate social behaviors
acceptance and commitment therapy
form of therapy that involves embracing and accepting our thoughts and feelings instead of immediately trying to change them
what are self mgmt techniques
set of techniques that teach people to self record, monitor, and change their own behavior via reinforcement contingencies
what are pavlov conditioning therapies
involves learning that is based on the association of behaviors and environmental stimuli
what is systematic desensitization
treatment which aims to replace the anxious response to a stimulus with relaxation
what are the steps of systematic desensitization
- 1st step: relaxation skills in absence of anxiety provokign stimulus
- once the patient becomes proficient at relaxing at will, the next stop is the fear hierarchy which is a chart that ranks stimuli from the most to least distressing
what is imaginal exposure
involves the client imagining the source of trauma or anxiety in a safe environment
what is flooding
Client is exposed to an anxiety provoking stimulus and is not allowed to escape until they are relaxed
what is you real self
self perception constituted by how we view ourselves, capabilities and characteristics
what is our ideal self
self perception of how we think we should be based on external sources
what is person centered therapy
- assumes that individuals have a tendency towards growth which centers on acceptance and genuine reactions from therapists
what are the three conditions for person centered therapy
- congruence
- empathy
- unconditional positive regard
what is the self actualizing tendency
known as humans natural inclination to reach their full potential
what is gestalts therapy
assets that the whole is more than the sum of its parts
what is an adverse event
situation or event that triggers a negative emotional or behavioral response
what are cognitive distortions
patterns of negative automatic thoughts that can become pervasive and contribute to psychological disorders
what is the cognitive behavioral therapy
model of psychotherapy that combines the basic tenets of behavioral and cognitive therapies
what is a cognitive traid
represents a persons belief system about their self, the world, and the future that can make one more or less susceptible to depression
