chapter 14 Flashcards
what is abnormal psychology
psychological disorders keep people from doing the things they need and want to do
what are the 4 d’s
- Deviance: describes behaviors, thoughts and feelings that are not in line with what is generally accepted
- Distress: refers to behaviors, thoughts, and feelings that are upsetting and cause pain suffering or sorrow
- dysfunction: behaviors, thoughts and feelings that are disruptive to one’s regular routine or interfere with day to day functioning
- danger: may lead to harm or injury
what is a psychological disorder
Pattern of deviant and dysfunctional behaviors that cause distress and maybe danger
what is clinical judgement
mental health professionals use of previous professional experiences to inform clinical decision making
what factors influence our views of what is normal and abnormal
personal experience
our parents
societal standards
why are labels/diagnosis important
they can provide and explanation for abnormal behaviors, thoughts, and feelings
- they can also server as a language for clinicians, researchers, and insurance companies to communicate effectively about psychological disorders
what are problems with diagnosing
the creating of derogatory terms that are used when referring to psychological disorders
- can create an excuse to unacceptable behaviors that lead to lowered expectations
- are also sticky
what is stigma
disapproval, poor treatment, discrimination, or isolation due to being different
what are eugenics
argument to improve human society by encouraging repro in people with desired traits (positive eugenics) and discouraging undersierable traits (negative traits)
what is deinstitutionalization
a mvmt to reduce admissions to psychiatric hospital, shorten lengths of stay, and improve the treatment that admitted
what is the dorothea dix
she advocated for more humane treatment for mental illnesses
what is person first language
Referring to an individual first and their disability
what is the cultural concept of distress
a pattern of mental illness, distress and/or symptoms that are unique to a specific ethnic or cultural population and does not conform to standard classifications of psychiatric disorders
what is koro
an episode of sudden and intense anxiety where the genitals will recede into the body and possible cause death specific to china, malaysia, and indonesia
what is amok syndrome
period of uneaseness followed by indsicrimitae murderous frenzy which can be provoked by jealousy or a sense of desperation
what is the fifth D and what does it stand for?
Duration: is the interval b/w the onset of a psychiatric disorder and the administration of the first pharmacological treatment
what was the problem with the DSM - 1
concepts were not scientifically tested
- considered disorders to be reactions to the events occurring in a persons environment
what was the problem with the DSM -2
based in psychoanalytic theory and didn’t pay attention to a lot of symptoms of some conditions and was more general
- also had homosexuality listed as “sexual orientation disturbance
what does multiaxial mean
it is a system of evaluation grounded in the biopsychosocial model of assessment that considers multiple factors in mental health diagnosis
what were the three axises for the DSM 3
- Axis 1: major mental disorders
- Axis 2: personality or intellectual disorders
- Axis 3: medical conditions
Axis 4: psychosocial stressors - Axis 5: global assessment of functioning
How was the DSM 3-R different?
included social anxiety disorders and sleep disorders
- categories were re-named, significant changes in criteria were made
- revised due to inconsistencies in the system, diagnostic criteria in DSM 3 was unclear
what are the characteristics of the DSM 5
- no longer multiaxial
- more advances in biology and neuroscience + reclassification of disorders
- 541 diagnosis
- and no more general assessment of functioning
what is an onset?
when disorders usually start
what is prognosis
what the next actions are after diagnosis
What is etiology
the causes of a disorder
what are comorbidities
other disorder that have a higher chance of appearing with the diagnosis of another disorder
what is pathological anxiety
anxiety that interferes with normal functioning
what is GAD (generalized anxiety disorder)
anxiety disorder in which worries are not focused on any specific threat
what is the diagnostic criteria for GAD?
- excessive anxiety and worry that occurs for more than6 months about different stressors
- the individual finds it difficult to control the worry
- having three or more symptoms from this list
- restlessness, fatigue, concentration deficiency, irritability, muscle tension, sleep disturbance
- causes significant distress/affects functioning
- cannot be attributed to substance use or other medical conditions
What is a phobic disorder
more specific type of anxiety disorder which is characterized by marked, persistent, excessive fear of specific objects, activities, or situations
what is social phobia
maladaptive fear of being publicly humiliated or embarrassed
why are phobic disorders so common
the preparedness theory explains that we may be evolutionarily adapted to fear certain types of stimuli. there fears may be overdeveloped in some individuals
where does the evidence for the preparedness theory come from?
conditioning. monkey’s can be conditioned to fear snakes but not flowers
what is a panic disorder
sudden occurence of multiple psychologicla and physical symptoms typically associated with terror
these symptoms include
- shortness of breath, heart palpitations, sweating, dizziness, derealisation, fear of death/loosing one’s mind
what is mood
emotional states that are long lasting, and non specific
how are moods different from emotions
emotions are usually specific and short lived
what are mood disorders
mental disorders that have mood disturbances as thier prominent feature
what is a manic episode
a distinct period of hihg energy and increased activity
what are the characteristics of major depressive disorder (aka unipolar depression)
- severely depressed mood
- inability to experience pleasure that lasts tow or more weeks and is accompanied by feelings of worthlessness, lethargy, sleep disturbance and appettie disturbance
what is the diagnostic criteria for MDD
- five or more of the following symptoms during the same 2 week period
- depressed mood, diminished interest, significant weight loss/gain, insomnia or hypersomina, psychomotor agitation or retardation, fatigue, feelings of worhtlessness/guildm diminshed concetration/decisiveness, recurrent thoughts of death/suicidal ideation
- no evidence of a manic episode
- symptoms cause clinically significant distress/impairment
what is the onset and prognosis of MDD
onset: can appear at any age, but is most likely to appear in the 20s
prognosis: most individuals recover within a year, some recover within 3 months and 1/5 dont recover at all
what is the helplessness theory
says that a person who links failure to internal characters are more likely to be depressed and will most likely say that these failures are stable (ex: i can’t change who i am) and global (no one will ever love me again).
what is dysthymia/dysthymic disorder
moderate depressive symptoms that persist for more than 2 years
what is double depression
When dysthymia contains some episodes of major depression
what is bipolar disorder
cycles of abnormal and persistent high mood (mania) and low mood (depression)
what is BPD 1
at least one manic episode, possibly with hypomanic (period of excessive energy that interferes with functioning) and depressive episodes
what is bipolar disorder 2
presence of both hypomanic and depressive episdoes, no manic episodes
what is the diagnostic criteria for bpd 1
- distinct period of abnormal, persistent elevated mood, increased activity or energy lasting at least 1 week
- three or more symptoms
- symptoms cause clinically significant distress/impairment
what are obsessions
recurrent, unwanted, and intrusive thoughts, fears, urges, or images
what are compulsions
behaviors in response to obsession
what is PTSD
experiencing or witnessing a traumatic event
what is addiction
repeated and compulsive engagement in rewarding activities
what are the two types of substance related addictions and what are their characteristics
-Substance use: negative consequences associated with frequent and persistent use of substances
-Substance induced: immediate effects of substance use like intoxication
what are the two important factors of substance related disorders
physiological dependance: change in brain circuitry related to repeated ingestion of a substance
tolerance: requiring more and more of a substance to achieve its original effects
what are neurocognitive disorders?
Acquired disorder that affects how the brain processes information
what are the different clusters of personality disorders and their characteristics?
- Cluster A (odd and eccentric) : social awkwardness, social withdrawal and distorted thinking
- Cluster B (dramatic, emotional, erratic): problems with impulse control, moral reasoning and ability to regulate emotions
- also individuals have difficulty following social conversations - Cluster C (anxious and fearful): personality disorders in this cluster are typified by shy, nervous, insecure and overly cautious behaviors
what is the biopsychosocial model
suggests that there is not one single factor or event that makes up a psychological disorder, but is rather an intersection of biological, social, and psychological factors
what is the prevalence rate of psychological disorders
indication of how widespread a psychological disorder is within a population
why is the prevalence rate of psychological disorders important
it provides data the impact of health conditions on overall public health
what is the biological aspect for the biopsychosocial model
accounts for illnesses, injury, physiology and genetics
what is the psychological aspect for the biopsychosocial model
Accounts for individual characteristics, personality, mood, and behavior that stem from the environment
what is the social aspect for the biopsychosocial model
Accounts for influences from family, culture, socioeconomic status, and religion
