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psya02 > chapter 13 > Flashcards

chapter 13 Flashcards

1
Q

what are confederates

A

they are individuals working with the experimenter who are not known to the participants

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2
Q

what is conformity

A

the extent to which people modify their behavior to be consistent with the behavior of their environment

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3
Q

what is the attribution theory

A

used to explain the actions of others by using dispositional or situational causes

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4
Q

what are dispositional (internal) causes

A

when someone’s behavior is assumed to be the result of their personality trait/characteristics

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5
Q

What are situational/external causes?

A

when you think someone acts the way they do because its beyond their environmental control

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6
Q

what is kelley’s covariation model

A
  • it is the assertion that a single exposure to a person is insufficient to from accurate attributions
  • basically just means that you need multiple observations in different contexts to assess the source of another’s behavior
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7
Q

what are the three factors that are needed when making internal or external attributions

A
  1. consistency: if someone’s behavior is the same overtime in similar situations
  2. distinctiveness: if a person behaves in similar manner across a variety of situations
    consensus: considers the extent to which an individuals behavior resembles that of other people (high consensus) or is different (low consensus)
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8
Q

Differentiate high vs low consensus

A

Consensus is the measure of how similar a person behaves to their environment, high consensus being very similar, and low consensus being different.

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9
Q

What is the fundamental attribution theory?

A

The tendency to blame the behavior of other on themselves (dispositional causes)

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10
Q

What is the actor observer bias?

A

Attributing your behavior to external causes, and the behavior of others to internal causes

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11
Q

What is the self serving bias

A

Attributing one’s success to internal causes and ones failures to external causes
- basically just hyping urself up

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12
Q

What is the false consensus effect?

A

Basically thinking everything has the same opinions and beliefs as you

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13
Q

What is the impression formation?

A

It is how we formulate opinions about individuals or groups and is heavily enhanced by first impressions

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14
Q

What is the primacy effect?

A

Says that initial information learned about another person has the strongest effect on impression formation
- negative info is more pronounced and has longer lasting effects

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15
Q

What is the confirmation bias

A

Only paying attention to the things that support what you already believe, and not being fully open minded

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16
Q

what is the self fulfilling prophecy

A

when desired outcomes are more likely to occur bc we unintentionally act in ways to bring them out

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17
Q

what is social influence

A

process by which out thoughts and actions are influenced by others

18
Q

What are collectivistic societies

A

cultures that place emphasis on the group instead of the individual

19
Q

what are social scrips

A

learned behaviors that are expected across a variety of situations
- basically they are typical behaviors that would occur within a given setting and time period

20
Q

what is group think

A

faulty decision making that occurs when a high degree of conformity and group cohesion are highly valued to the exclusion of opposing info and ideas

21
Q

when is groupthink most prevalent?

A

When the need for group cohesiveness and consistency are strong enforced and any diverging ideas are quashed and excluded from the decision making process

22
Q

What are the three basic components of group think?

A
  • overestimating
  • closed mindedness
  • pressure for uniformity
23
Q

what is an outgroup

A

person who does not belong to a group

24
Q

what is the Nuremberg code?

A

they are ethical guidelines made to protect the release of guresome details of experimentation done on innocent people during the reign of nazi germany

25
Q

what is obedience to authority?

A

It is when people who are perceived to be of higher authority (even tho they may not be) are capable of getting random peoples co-operation to directly harm others or cause pain without the use of coercion

26
Q

what is the bystander effect

A

the idea that a person is less likely to receive help as the # of people present increase

27
Q

what is the diffusion of responsibility

A

as # of people inc, relative lvl of accountability decreases
- when one person is present, they assume 100% responsibility

28
Q

what is pluralistic ignorance

A

occurs when people fail to act because they rely on social cues from others to guide their behavior
- ex: if others aren’t helping someone laying on the group, you might not help that person too because no one else is which might make you think that they’re drunk or smt

29
Q

what are attitudes

A

represent variations in thoughts, ideas and opinions

30
Q

what are the three components of attitudes

A

Cognitive: addresses the thoughts one may have about someone or something
Affective: includes one’s feelings about the attitude in question
behavioral: refers to actions taken

31
Q

what is cognitive dissonance

A

when attitudes and behaviors are inconsistent and a state of unease is felt which the individual is the motivated to reduce

32
Q

what is the main way to reduce cognitive dissonance

A

to change your attitude and behavior

33
Q

what is prejudice

A

learned negative attitudes towards a group

34
Q

how is prejudice different from discrimination?

A

discrimination is towards a person who has similar characteristics to a disliked group, while prejudice is towards a whole group

35
Q

What is a scapegoat

A

Blaming a less powerful person or group for one’s own problems

36
Q

What is the realistic conflict theory

A

intergroup conflict that is created when 2 or more groups are competing over real or perceived scarce resources

37
Q

what is the mere exposure effect

A

the more time and experience that we have with someone is associated with an inc in linking that person

38
Q

what is instrumental aggression

A

violent behavior that is on purpose and is used to achieve some goal

39
Q

what is behavior modeling

A

learning to complete a task by simply copying the behavior of another person

40
Q

what is hostile aggression

A

violent behavior whose sole purpose is inflicting harm on another living creature

41
Q

what is prosocial behaviors

A

helping others just because

42
Q

what is reciprocal altruism

A

helping others with the intention of getting something back

psya02 (6 decks)

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