chapter 13 Flashcards
what are confederates
they are individuals working with the experimenter who are not known to the participants
what is conformity
the extent to which people modify their behavior to be consistent with the behavior of their environment
what is the attribution theory
used to explain the actions of others by using dispositional or situational causes
what are dispositional (internal) causes
when someone’s behavior is assumed to be the result of their personality trait/characteristics
What are situational/external causes?
when you think someone acts the way they do because its beyond their environmental control
what is kelley’s covariation model
- it is the assertion that a single exposure to a person is insufficient to from accurate attributions
- basically just means that you need multiple observations in different contexts to assess the source of another’s behavior
what are the three factors that are needed when making internal or external attributions
- consistency: if someone’s behavior is the same overtime in similar situations
- distinctiveness: if a person behaves in similar manner across a variety of situations
consensus: considers the extent to which an individuals behavior resembles that of other people (high consensus) or is different (low consensus)
Differentiate high vs low consensus
Consensus is the measure of how similar a person behaves to their environment, high consensus being very similar, and low consensus being different.
What is the fundamental attribution theory?
The tendency to blame the behavior of other on themselves (dispositional causes)
What is the actor observer bias?
Attributing your behavior to external causes, and the behavior of others to internal causes
What is the self serving bias
Attributing one’s success to internal causes and ones failures to external causes
- basically just hyping urself up
What is the false consensus effect?
Basically thinking everything has the same opinions and beliefs as you
What is the impression formation?
It is how we formulate opinions about individuals or groups and is heavily enhanced by first impressions
What is the primacy effect?
Says that initial information learned about another person has the strongest effect on impression formation
- negative info is more pronounced and has longer lasting effects
What is the confirmation bias
Only paying attention to the things that support what you already believe, and not being fully open minded
what is the self fulfilling prophecy
when desired outcomes are more likely to occur bc we unintentionally act in ways to bring them out
what is social influence
process by which out thoughts and actions are influenced by others
What are collectivistic societies
cultures that place emphasis on the group instead of the individual
what are social scrips
learned behaviors that are expected across a variety of situations
- basically they are typical behaviors that would occur within a given setting and time period
what is group think
faulty decision making that occurs when a high degree of conformity and group cohesion are highly valued to the exclusion of opposing info and ideas
when is groupthink most prevalent?
When the need for group cohesiveness and consistency are strong enforced and any diverging ideas are quashed and excluded from the decision making process
What are the three basic components of group think?
- overestimating
- closed mindedness
- pressure for uniformity
what is an outgroup
person who does not belong to a group
what is the Nuremberg code?
they are ethical guidelines made to protect the release of guresome details of experimentation done on innocent people during the reign of nazi germany
what is obedience to authority?
It is when people who are perceived to be of higher authority (even tho they may not be) are capable of getting random peoples co-operation to directly harm others or cause pain without the use of coercion
what is the bystander effect
the idea that a person is less likely to receive help as the # of people present increase
what is the diffusion of responsibility
as # of people inc, relative lvl of accountability decreases
- when one person is present, they assume 100% responsibility
what is pluralistic ignorance
occurs when people fail to act because they rely on social cues from others to guide their behavior
- ex: if others aren’t helping someone laying on the group, you might not help that person too because no one else is which might make you think that they’re drunk or smt
what are attitudes
represent variations in thoughts, ideas and opinions
what are the three components of attitudes
Cognitive: addresses the thoughts one may have about someone or something
Affective: includes one’s feelings about the attitude in question
behavioral: refers to actions taken
what is cognitive dissonance
when attitudes and behaviors are inconsistent and a state of unease is felt which the individual is the motivated to reduce
what is the main way to reduce cognitive dissonance
to change your attitude and behavior
what is prejudice
learned negative attitudes towards a group
how is prejudice different from discrimination?
discrimination is towards a person who has similar characteristics to a disliked group, while prejudice is towards a whole group
What is a scapegoat
Blaming a less powerful person or group for one’s own problems
What is the realistic conflict theory
intergroup conflict that is created when 2 or more groups are competing over real or perceived scarce resources
what is the mere exposure effect
the more time and experience that we have with someone is associated with an inc in linking that person
what is instrumental aggression
violent behavior that is on purpose and is used to achieve some goal
what is behavior modeling
learning to complete a task by simply copying the behavior of another person
what is hostile aggression
violent behavior whose sole purpose is inflicting harm on another living creature
what is prosocial behaviors
helping others just because
what is reciprocal altruism
helping others with the intention of getting something back
