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Biology Exam 3 > chapter 15 > Flashcards

chapter 15 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

central dogma

A

cells are governed by chain of command: DNA->RNA-> protein

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2
Q

gene expression

A

taking genetic information and making proteins

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3
Q

does DNA ever leave the nucleus in eukaryotic cell?

A

no, it stays in the nucleus

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4
Q

mRNA

A

a copy of the information from the gene, coding for protein(s)

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5
Q

RNA processing

A

introns are cut out , and exons exit the nucleus

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6
Q

primary transcript

A

initial RNA transcript before processing , includes introns

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7
Q

5 prime GTP cap

A

tells you what the protein was made for, right before untranslated region

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8
Q

exons

A

information to make protein

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9
Q

poly-A tail

A

holds no information, slows down the degradation of mRNA that start from 3’ tail, protects mRNA from degrading enzymes for a short time

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10
Q

mRNA is long term or short term

A

short term

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11
Q

where do enzymes start chewing the RNA

A

the poly A tail

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12
Q

when mRNA is degraded the nucleotide is

A

reused

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13
Q

amino acids are coded for by

A

nucleotides

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14
Q

start codon

A

AUG methinanine

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15
Q

how long are “words” in genetics

A

3 letters

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16
Q

UUU codes for

A

phenylalanine

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17
Q

CGA codes for

A

arginine

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18
Q

DNA holds the information to make…

A

proteins

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19
Q

transcription

A

synthesis of RNA using info from DNA, produces mRNA

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20
Q

translation

A

synthesis of polypeptide from mRNA

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21
Q

ribosomes are the sight of…

A

translation

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22
Q

translation

A

synthesis of the polypeptide from mRNA

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23
Q

template strand

A

template for ordering the sequence of complementary nucleotides

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24
Q

which way are codons read?

A

5 prime to 3 prime

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25
Q

non-template strand ( coding strand)

A

nucleotides are identical to codons, T is present in DNA instead of U in RNA

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26
Q

how many amino acids can the body have?

A

20 amino acids

27
Q

codon specifies for…

A

amino acid

28
Q

how many different types of codons

A

64 triplets, 61 code for amino acids and 3 triplets are signals to send translation

29
Q

in translation what does mRNA code for?

A

amino acids

30
Q

UAG, UAA, UGA code for

A

termination/ stop codons

31
Q

initiation of transcription

A

separates DNA strands, has promoter, DNA tells where RNA polymerase can bind and start

32
Q

elongation

A

RNA polymerase adds complementary nucleotides AUGC to make mRNA

33
Q

termination

A

when RNA reaches the end and jumps off

34
Q

how does transcription and translation relate in prokaryotes

A

there’s no separation because of the lack of a nuclear membrane

35
Q

what does the ribosome jump onto to start translation

A

start codon

36
Q

RNA synthesis is catalyzed by

A

RNA polymerase

37
Q

RNA polymerase

A

pries DNA apart and joins together the RNA nucleotides , does not need primer

38
Q

RNA synthesis

A

substitutes U for T in ACTG

39
Q

promoter

A

signals where transcription starts

40
Q

TATA box in the initiation

A

where the promoter is and where to attach sends a molecular, form initiation complex

41
Q

transcription factors

A

tell what body part to code for

42
Q

transcription initiation complex

A

RNA polymerase II and promoter binding together

43
Q

why is there a leading and lagging strand

A

lagging strand back stitched because the enzyme needs to be read 5’ to 3’

44
Q

in prokaryotes do ribosomes wait to jump on?

A

no they jump on even when synthesis is not done

45
Q

what does the nucleosome have to do to be used

A

has to be unpacked , so polymerase can make mRNA

46
Q

RNA splicing carried out by…

A

introns cut out, exons spliced together , catalyzed by spliceosomes

47
Q

spliceosomes

A

variety of proteins and small RNA that recognize splice sites, at 5’ and end of 3’

48
Q

transfer RNA

A

enters ribosome, compliments codon, transfers 1 amino acid

49
Q

polypeptide chain

A

leaked out of the ribosome

50
Q

protein synthesis

A

decodes mRNA to make polypeptide,

51
Q

polypeptide

A

formed from amine having a carboxyl bond with another amino acid. catalyzed by ribosomes

52
Q

translation initiation

A

mRNA attaches to ribosome, AUG start codon, tRNA appropriate anticodon attaches

53
Q

translation elongation

A

tRNA’s move in with appropriate amino acid

54
Q

translation termination

A

stop codon is reached, amino acid chain is released to be processed

55
Q

ribozymes

A

RNA molecules enzymes, can splice RNA

56
Q

RNA can be folded to

A

have many functions

57
Q

domains in protein

A

specific info to make protein

58
Q

tRNA enables translation of mRNA codon to..

A

to amino acid

59
Q

anticodon

A

pairs w complementary codon

60
Q

steps of translation

A
  1. match tRNA and amino acid, and tRNA anticodon to mRNA codon
61
Q

p site

A

carries growing protein

62
Q

a site

A

carries next amino acid to be added to chain

63
Q

e site

A

exit site discharged tRNAs leave ribosome

Biology Exam 3 (6 decks)

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