chapter 15

Question 1

central dogma

Answer 1

cells are governed by chain of command: DNA->RNA-> protein

Question 2

gene expression

Answer 2

taking genetic information and making proteins

Question 3

does DNA ever leave the nucleus in eukaryotic cell?

Answer 3

no, it stays in the nucleus

Question 4

mRNA

Answer 4

a copy of the information from the gene, coding for protein(s)

Question 5

RNA processing

Answer 5

introns are cut out , and exons exit the nucleus

Question 6

primary transcript

Answer 6

initial RNA transcript before processing , includes introns

Question 7

5 prime GTP cap

Answer 7

tells you what the protein was made for, right before untranslated region

Question 8

exons

Answer 8

information to make protein

Question 9

poly-A tail

Answer 9

holds no information, slows down the degradation of mRNA that start from 3’ tail, protects mRNA from degrading enzymes for a short time

Question 10

mRNA is long term or short term

Answer 10

short term

Question 11

where do enzymes start chewing the RNA

Answer 11

the poly A tail

Question 12

when mRNA is degraded the nucleotide is

Answer 12

reused

Question 13

amino acids are coded for by

Answer 13

nucleotides

Question 14

start codon

Answer 14

AUG methinanine

Question 15

how long are “words” in genetics

Answer 15

3 letters

Question 16

UUU codes for

Answer 16

phenylalanine

Question 17

CGA codes for

Answer 17

arginine

Question 18

DNA holds the information to make…

Answer 18

proteins

Question 19

transcription

Answer 19

synthesis of RNA using info from DNA, produces mRNA

Question 20

translation

Answer 20

synthesis of polypeptide from mRNA

Question 21

ribosomes are the sight of…

Answer 21

translation

Question 22

translation

Answer 22

synthesis of the polypeptide from mRNA

Question 23

template strand

Answer 23

template for ordering the sequence of complementary nucleotides

Question 24

which way are codons read?

Answer 24

5 prime to 3 prime

Question 25

non-template strand ( coding strand)

Answer 25

nucleotides are identical to codons, T is present in DNA instead of U in RNA

Question 26

how many amino acids can the body have?

Answer 26

20 amino acids

Question 27

codon specifies for...

Answer 27

amino acid

Question 28

how many different types of codons

Answer 28

64 triplets, 61 code for amino acids and 3 triplets are signals to send translation

Question 29

in translation what does mRNA code for?

Answer 29

amino acids

Question 30

UAG, UAA, UGA code for

Answer 30

termination/ stop codons

Question 31

initiation of transcription

Answer 31

separates DNA strands, has promoter, DNA tells where RNA polymerase can bind and start

Question 32

elongation

Answer 32

RNA polymerase adds complementary nucleotides AUGC to make mRNA

Question 33

termination

Answer 33

when RNA reaches the end and jumps off

Question 34

how does transcription and translation relate in prokaryotes

Answer 34

there's no separation because of the lack of a nuclear membrane

Question 35

what does the ribosome jump onto to start translation

Answer 35

start codon

Question 36

RNA synthesis is catalyzed by

Answer 36

RNA polymerase

Question 37

RNA polymerase

Answer 37

pries DNA apart and joins together the RNA nucleotides , does not need primer

Question 38

RNA synthesis

Answer 38

substitutes U for T in ACTG

Question 39

promoter

Answer 39

signals where transcription starts

Question 40

TATA box in the initiation

Answer 40

where the promoter is and where to attach sends a molecular, form initiation complex

Question 41

transcription factors

Answer 41

tell what body part to code for

Question 42

transcription initiation complex

Answer 42

RNA polymerase II and promoter binding together

Question 43

why is there a leading and lagging strand

Answer 43

lagging strand back stitched because the enzyme needs to be read 5' to 3'

Question 44

in prokaryotes do ribosomes wait to jump on?

Answer 44

no they jump on even when synthesis is not done

Question 45

what does the nucleosome have to do to be used

Answer 45

has to be unpacked , so polymerase can make mRNA

Question 46

RNA splicing carried out by...

Answer 46

introns cut out, exons spliced together , catalyzed by spliceosomes

Question 47

spliceosomes

Answer 47

variety of proteins and small RNA that recognize splice sites, at 5' and end of 3'

Question 48

transfer RNA

Answer 48

enters ribosome, compliments codon, transfers 1 amino acid

Question 49

polypeptide chain

Answer 49

leaked out of the ribosome

Question 50

protein synthesis

Answer 50

decodes mRNA to make polypeptide,

Question 51

polypeptide

Answer 51

formed from amine having a carboxyl bond with another amino acid. catalyzed by ribosomes

Question 52

translation initiation

Answer 52

mRNA attaches to ribosome, AUG start codon, tRNA appropriate anticodon attaches

Question 53

translation elongation

Answer 53

tRNA's move in with appropriate amino acid

Question 54

translation termination

Answer 54

stop codon is reached, amino acid chain is released to be processed

Question 55

ribozymes

Answer 55

RNA molecules enzymes, can splice RNA

Question 56

RNA can be folded to

Answer 56

have many functions

Question 57

domains in protein

Answer 57

specific info to make protein

Question 58

tRNA enables translation of mRNA codon to..

Answer 58

to amino acid

Question 59

anticodon

Answer 59

pairs w complementary codon

Question 60

steps of translation

Answer 60

1. match tRNA and amino acid, and tRNA anticodon to mRNA codon

Question 61

p site

Answer 61

carries growing protein

Question 62

a site

Answer 62

carries next amino acid to be added to chain

Question 63

e site

Answer 63

exit site discharged tRNAs leave ribosome