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Psyco 275 > Chapter 15 > Flashcards

Chapter 15 Flashcards

1
Q

Psychological construct

A

idea that results from a set of impressions

not tangible

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2
Q

Cognition

A

Act of knowing or coming to know

Thought processes

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3
Q

3 reasons why language gives humans an edge in thinking

A

It provides a means of categorizing information
It provides a means of organizing time to plan behaviour
Human language has syntax for meaning

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4
Q

Neural circuits- cell assemblies

A

Concept that cell assemblies represent objects or ideas, the interplay among the networks results in complex neural circuits
Cell assemblies provide the basis for cognition

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5
Q

Experiment of monkeys identifying movement

A

If individual neurons failed to respond the monkeys behaved as if they did not perceive motion
Found the sensitivity of individual neurons is similar to the perceptual sensitivity of monkeys to apparent motion

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6
Q

Association cortex

A

Neocortex outside the primary sensory and motor areas

Functions to produce cognition

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7
Q

Inputs to the association area

A

Highly processed information

Comes from thalamic areas that receive inputs from other cortical regions

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8
Q

Temporal association regions

A

Cognition related to visual and auditory processing

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9
Q

Parietal association regions

A

Cognition about somatosensation and movement

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10
Q

Frontal association regions

A

Coordinates information from parietal and temporal association regions with information from subcortical areas

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11
Q

Knowledge about what an object is is represented in the_____

A

Temporal association cortex

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12
Q

Knowledge of what to do with objects is represented in the_____-

A

Parietal association cortex

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13
Q

Multisensory integration

A

Combining systems to create a unified conscious experience

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14
Q

Binding problem

A

How the brain ties its single and varied sensory and motor events into a unified perception or behaviour

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15
Q

Solution to the binding problem

A

Multimodal regions of the association cortex combine characteristics of stimuli across different senses
Neurons respond to information from more than one sensory modality

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16
Q

Spatial cognition

A

Knowledge about the environment that allows us to determine where we are, how to go from one place to another, how to interpret our spatial world, and how to communicate about space
Dorsal stream in parietal lobes

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17
Q

Evolution of skill in mental manipulation

A

Closely tied to the evolution of physical movements

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18
Q

Topographic disorientation

A

Inability to find one’s way in relationship to salient environmental cues
Posterior parietal damage

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19
Q

Egocentric disorientation

A

Difficulty perceiving relative locations of objects to the self

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19
Q

Egocentric disorientation

A

Difficulty perceiving relative locations of objects to the selfA

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20
Q

Attention

A

Selective narrowing or focusing of awareness to part of the sensory environment or to a class of stimuli

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21
Q

Selective attention studies

A

Train animals to attend to stimuli presented in one particular area of the visual field and ignore other stimuli
Found that attending to specific parts of the sensory world is a property of single neurons

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22
Q

Frontal lobe damage and attention

A

Overly focused on environmental stimuli

Suggests that the frontal association cortex controls the ability to shift attention

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23
Q

Parietal lobe damage and attention

A

Leads to neglect: ignoring sensory information that should be important

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24
Q

Contralateral neglect

A

Failing to pay attention to one side of the physical world and one side of the world represented in their mind
Parietal lobe damage

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25
Q

Amygdala’s role in attention

A

Directing attention to the eyes to identify facial expressions

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26
Q

3 parts of planning

A

Must select from many options
Must ignore irrelevant stimuli
Keep track of what you have done already

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27
Q

Temporal planning

A

Planning what you need to do and when you need to do it

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28
Q

Frontal lobes and planning

A

Planning to organize behaviour in space and time

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29
Q

Occipital and temporal lobes and planning

A

Recognizing objects

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30
Q

Parietal lobes and planning

A

Making the appropriate movements with respect to objects

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31
Q

Perseveration

A

Tendency to emit repeatedly the same verbal or motor response to varied stimuli
Frontal lobe damage

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32
Q

Mirror neurons

A

Cells in the parietal cortex that fire when an individual observes an action
Representation of one’s own or others actions
Basis of understanding actions

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33
Q

Cognition and the Cerebellum

A

Cerebellum critical in fine movements and perception
May be associated with working memory, attention, language, music, decision making
Extensive connections with the neocortex

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34
Q

Social Neuroscience

A

Understanding how the brain mediates social interaction

35
Q

Theory of mind

A

Attributing mental states to others

Understanding others may have different feeling or beliefs

36
Q

Brain area associated with theory of mind

A

Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

37
Q

Brain activity when we recognize our face

A

Activity increases in the right lateral prefrontal cortex and the lateral parietal cortex (what the body feels like)

38
Q

Brain area associated with beliefs about personal traits

A

medial prefrontal cortex

39
Q

Self-regulation

A

Ability to control emotions and impulses to achieve long-term goals

40
Q

Brain area of self-regulation

A

Prefrontal regions are critical

41
Q

Why are children poor self-regulators?

A

Because the prefrontal cortex develops slow

42
Q

Brain activity when we express attitudes toward ideas or people

A

Activation in the prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate, lateral parietal regions

43
Q

Neuroeconomics

A

Combines economics, psychology, and neuroscience to understand how the brain makes decisions

44
Q

Reflective system for decisions making

A

Deliberate, slow, rule-drive, emotionally neutral decisions

45
Q

Brain activity of the reflective decision making system

A

Activity in the lateral prefrontal cortex, medial temporal cortex, posterior parietal cortex

46
Q

Reflexive system for decision making

A

Fast, automatic, emotionally biased

47
Q

Brain activity of the reflexive decision making system

A

Activity in the dopaminergic reward system- mesolimbic system

47
Q

Brain activity of th

A
48
Q

Right Parietal Damage (Patient G.H)

A

Damage in copying drawings, assembling puzzles, finding his way around familiar places
Right parietal thus involved in spatial skills

49
Q

Left parietal damage (patient M.M.)

A

Problems with solving arithmetic, reading, calling objects by name
Difficulty coping a series of movements:apraxia
Left parietal thus involved in language, cognitive tasks related to school work, different role in controlling voluntary movement than the right

50
Q

Dichotic listening findings

A

Presenting different auditory input to each ear simultaneously
More digits presented to the right ear were received- right ear has preferential access to the left hemisphere
More likely to recall music played to the left ear- left ear has preferential access to the right hemisphere

51
Q

Visual asymmetries

A

Words presented briefly to the right visual field (left hemisphere) are more easily reported than the left visual field
Complex geometric patters like faces presented briefly tp the left visual field (right hemisphere) are more easily reported

52
Q

Left hemisphere is biased toward processing______

A

Language-related information

53
Q

Right hemisphere is biased toward processing_______

A

Non-verbal and spatial information

54
Q

Functional asymmetry in the split brain when object is shown in the left visual hemisphere

A

Right hemisphere cannot talk so cannot respond verbally when it sees something in the left verbal hemisphere
Left hemisphere can talk but does not see the left visual field so reports seeing nothing

55
Q

What happens when a split brain patient is shown a different object in each visual field?

A

When asked to used both hands to pick up “the object” the hands do not agree

56
Q

Explanation that the left hemisphere is important for controlling fine movement

A

Role in language- fine motor movements of the mouth and tongue
Verbs are processed only in the left hemisphere- mental representations of actions
Speculative

57
Q

Explanation that the right hemisphere is specialized for controlling movements in space

A

Functions of the dorsal visual stream
Producing movements in space and mental images of the movements
Speculative

58
Q

Left hemisphere as the interpreter

A

Left hemisphere has the capability for interpretation, the right does not
Left-hemisphere language abilities allows humans to make inferences and have beliefs about sensory events

59
Q

Sex differences in cognitive tasks

A

Females have better verbal fluency

Males have better spatial reasoning

60
Q

Sex differences in patterns of intrahemsipheric connections

A

Women have more dispersed connections within white matter

61
Q

Sex differences in grey matter concentration

A

Women have increased grey matter concentration in many cortical regions
Men are more uniform across the cortex

62
Q

Sex differences in neuronal structure

A

Influenced by gonadal hormones
Cells in prefrontal regions have larger dendritic fields in males
Cells in the oribitofrontal regions have larger dendritic fields in females

63
Q

Sex differences in effects of cortical injury

A

Equally likely to be aphasic after left-hemisphere lesions
Men are more likely to be aphasic and apraxic after damage to left posterior cortex
Women are more likely to be aphasic and apraxic after damage to left frontal cortex

64
Q

Sex differences in interhemispheric connectivity

A

Females have greater inter hemispheric connectivity

Males have greater intrahemispheric connectivity

65
Q

Evolution of sex related cognitive differences

A

When the sexes differ In the adaptive problems they faced
Eg men tended to range over larger territories- spatial abilities favoured
Females tended to form social groups which favoured language development

66
Q

Speech representation in left-handers

A

75% have speech in the left hemisphere like right handers
15% have speech in the right hemisphere
15% have speech in both hemispheres

67
Q

Anomalous speech representation

A

Speech zones are located in the right hemisphere or both hemispheres
Possibility that the connectivity of cerebral hemispheres may differ- greater colossal connections

68
Q

Synesthesia

A

Ability to perceive a stimulus of one sense as the sensation of a different sense
Hearing colours is the most common
One directional pairing

69
Q

Hypothesis about the neural basis of synesthesia

A

Extraordinary neural connections between the sensory regions
Increased activity in the multimodal cortex of the frontal lobe
Particular sensory inputs that elicit unusual patterns of activation

70
Q

General Intelligence

A

Spearman
g factor
Cerebral connectivity and neuron:glia ratio seem to be important

71
Q

Convergent thinking

A

Applying knowledge and reasoning skills to narrow the range of possible solutions to a problem and finding one correct answer
Measured by traditional intelligence test
Associated with temporal and parietal lobes

72
Q

Divergent thinking

A

Searching for multiple unconventional solutions

Associated with frontal lobe

73
Q

Intelligence A

A

Innate intellectual potential

Highly heritable

74
Q

Intelligence B

A

Observed intelligence that is influenced by experience and other factors
Experiences alter observed intelligence because they alter synaptic organization

75
Q

P-FIT model of intelligence

A

General consensus that a parieto-frontal network forms the basis of intelligence
Also includes the insular cortex, posterior cingulate cortex, subcortical structures

76
Q

Neurite density and intelligence

A

Neurite density is negatively correlated with intelligence

Less pruning means less efficient processing

77
Q

Consciousness

A

The mind’s level of responsiveness to impressions made by the senses
A process- emerges as information is sorted

78
Q

Adaptive advantage of consciousness

A

Allows us to construct our sensory world and enhance selection of behaviour
Advantageous to produce a single complex representation as it is more efficient

79
Q

Conscious behaviour vs unconscious behaviour

A

Unconscious behaviour to act quickly- dorsal visual stream is unconscious
Conscious Behaviour to correspond to the nuances of sensory input

80
Q

Conditions when a person lacks conscious awareness of information even though it is processed unconsciously

A

Blindsight, visual form agnosia, implicit learning in amnesia
Shows that stimuli can be processed In the brain without entering consciousness

81
Q

Conditions where people are consciously aware of stimuli that are not actually there

A

Phantom libs, hallucinations of schizophrenia

82
Q

Evolutionary theory of consciousness

A

As organisms became more complex the nervous system developed to coordinate activities
Introception (sense of internal state) and exteroception (sense of external state) then developed
Then development of incentives and an alerting system
This led to the development of emotions to maximize survival
Number of cerebral maps of the external word expanded to maximize incentives which developed the mind
Mind leads to a sense of self- consciousness

83
Q

Information integration theory of consciousness

A

Consciousness is the ability to integrate information

Information generated by the system as a whole is greater than the information generated by its independent parts

84
Q

Semantic pointer competition theory of consciousness (3 mechanisms)

A

1) representation of the world by firing patterns in neural population
2) binding of representations into more complex representations called semantic pointers
3) competition among semantic pointers to capture the most salient aspects of an organism’s current state- consciousness

85
Q

Semantic pointers

A

Neural representation that can operate as an integrator of sensory, motor, emotional, or verbal representations

Psyco 275 (4 decks)

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