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Psyco 275 > Chapter 14 > Flashcards

Chapter 14 Flashcards

1
Q

Learning

A

Relatively permanent change in an organisms behaviour as a result of experience

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2
Q

Memory

A

Ability to recall or recognize previous experience

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3
Q

Engram

A

Physical trace of a memory in the brain

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4
Q

Classical conditioning (Pavlovian)

A

Neutral stimulus comes to elicit a response after its repeated pairing with some event

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5
Q

Eye-blink conditioning

A

Tone is the conditioned stimulus that comes to elicit an eye blink
Air puff is the unconditioned stimulus and blinking in response to the airpuff is the unconditioned response
Blinking in response tp the tone is the conditioned response

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6
Q

Eye-blink conditioning is mediated by the ____

A

Cerebellum

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7
Q

Fear conditioning

A

Unpleasant stimulus is used to elicit an emotional response

Tone presented before a shock comes to elicit a fear response without the shock

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8
Q

Fear conditioning is mediated by the_______

A

Amygdala

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9
Q

Operant conditioning (instrumental conditioning)

A

Learning in which the consequences of a particular behaviour increase or decrease the probability of the behaviour occurring again
Reinforcement and punishment
Not localized to any brain circuit

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10
Q

Thorndike and operant conditioning

A

Cat had to press a lever to get out of a box in order to eat a fish
Reward of the fish reinforced the behaviour

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11
Q

Skinner and operant conditioning

A

Reinforcement to train rats to press bars to obtain food

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12
Q

Implicit memory

A

Unconscious awareness

Demonstrate knowledge on prompting but cannot directly retrieve the information

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13
Q

Priming

A

Exposure to a stimulus influences a response to a later stimulus
Implicit

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14
Q

Explicit memory

A

Conscious memory

Can retrieve a memory and indicate they know the retrieved item Is correct

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15
Q

Declarative memory

A

Specific contents of experiences that can be verbally recalled

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16
Q

Procedural memory

A

Ability to perform a task and recall a movement sequence

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17
Q

Encoding

A

Information is changed into a form that can be stored in the brain
Appears to involve modification of synapses, changes in gene expression, modification of proteins

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18
Q

Encoding of implicit information

A

Encoded similar to how to is perceived
Bottom up
Person plays a passive role

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19
Q

Encoding of explicit memory

A

Depends on conceptually driven processing
Top down
Reorganizing information
Individual plays an active role

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20
Q

Storing semantic memories

A

Studies show a network of 7 left-hemisphere regions involved
Similar to the default network, appears the semantic processing makes up a large component of cognitive activity during passive states

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21
Q

Episodic memory

A

Autobiographical memory, part of explicit memory

Record of events, our presence and role

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22
Q

Key regions of episodic memory

A

Ventromedial prefrontal cortex
Hippocampus
Pathways between the two

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23
Q

Loss of episodic memory (K.C)

A

Cognitive abilities and short-term memory intact but could not recall personally experienced events from his entire life

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24
Q

Highly superior autobiographical memory

A

Virtually complete recall for events in their lives beginning around age 10
Increased grey matter in temporal and parietal lobes
Increased fibre projections between temporal and frontal lobes

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25
Dissociating explicit memory (Patient H.M.)
Removal of anterior hippocampus, amygdala, adjacent cortex Severe anterograde amnesia- could not recall anything that happened since the surgery Past memory and implicit memory intact
26
Disconnecting implicit memory (Patient J.K.)
Basal ganglia dysfunction | Memory disturbances related to tasks he had performed his whole life
27
3 medial temporal areas involved in explicit memories
Entorhinal cortex Parahippocampal cortex Perirhinal cortex
28
Perirhinal cortex
Receives input from the visual ventral stream | For visual object memory
29
Parahippocampal cortex
Receives input from the parietal visual regions | For visuospatial memory
30
Entorhinal cortex
Receives projections from the perirhinal and parahippocampal regions Integrative memory functions
31
The hippocampus and spatial memory
Visuospatial memory for places | Selective hippocampal injury= deficits in spatial memory and difficulty with visuospatial learning
32
Perirhinal lesions in monkeys
Impaired at visual-recognition tasks
33
Parahippocampal lesions in monkeys
Impaired at object-position taks
34
Place cells
Discharge when in a spatial location regardless of orientation In the hippocampus
35
Head direction cells
Discharge when head points in a particular direction | In the hippocampus
36
Grid cells
Discharge at many locations form a virtual grid invariant to changes in direction, movement, or speed In the entorhinal cortex
37
Reciprocal connections for explicit memory
The temporal lobe pathway is reciprocal: neocortex to the entorhinal cortex back to the neocortex Keeps the sensory experience alive in the brain so the neural record outlasts the experience Keeps the neocortex appraised of the information being processed in the medial temporal regions
38
Frontal lobe's role in memory
Short term memory
39
Delayed response task
A monkey is shown 2 lights, it must choose the one in the same position as the cue shown earlier
40
Delayed-alternation task
Monkey is shown 2 lights must choose the one not in the same location as the cue shown earlier
41
Delayed matching to sample task
A monkey is shown a green light, then a red and a green light It must choose the green light
42
Korsakoff syndrome
Explicit memory disturbance from chronic alcohol abuse, kills cells in he medial diencephalon and thalamus
43
Consolidation for explicit memories
Memories move from hippocampus to diffuse neocortical regions The hippocampus consolidates new memories
44
Distributed reinstatement theory
An explicit learning episode produces a stored memory representation that is strong in the hippocampus and weak elsewhere The memory is replayed after the learning leading to enhanced representations outside the hippocampus
45
Reconsolidation
Whenever a memory is played in the mind it is open to further consolidation Restabilizing a memory trace Memories are changeable
46
Neural circuit for implicit memories
The basal ganglia receive input from the entire neocortex-only one direction, unconscious Sends projections to the ventral thalamus and the premotor cortex Substantia nigra indirectly involved through dopamine projections
47
Why are implicit memories unconscious?
Because the connection from the cortex to the basal ganglia flows only one direction Most of the neocortex receives no direct information from the basal ganglia
48
Neural circuit for emotional memories
Unique in that it involves the amygdala- mediates fear conditioning Damage to amygdala abolishes emotional memory but has little effect on other types of memory
49
4 locations the amygdala sends projections to
Brainstem structures that control autonomic responses Hypothalamus- hormones Periaqueductal grey matter- pain perception Enteric nervous system
50
Long-term potentiation
Long lasting increase in synaptic effectiveness after a high-frequency stimulation More neurotransmitter released or the postsynaptic membrane becomes more sensitive Increase in EPSP
51
Long-term depression
Long lasting decrease in synaptic effectiveness after low frequency electrical stimulation Possible mechanism for cleaning out old memories
52
2 predictions about LTP and memory
When animals learn problems we should see enhanced LTP in the recruited pathways LTP should produce enduring changes in synaptic morphology that resemble those seen in memory
53
AMPA receptors
Normally mediate responses produced when glutamate is released
54
NMDA receptors
Do not usually respond to glutamate because they are blocked my magnesium Open if the postsynaptic membrane is depolarized which displaces the magnesium and the receptors are activated by glutamate
55
Synaptic change- modifying existing circuits
Changes in dendrites- more dendrites=more connections Additional contacts between neurons already connected or contacts with a new neuron New axon terminals Formation of synapses along axons
56
Synaptic change- creating novel circuits
The adult brain is capable of generating new neurons Enhances brain plasticity May underly learning and memory as experience seems to increase the generation of new neurons
57
Benefits of enriched experience
Housing animals in environments providing sensory or motor experience enhanced later learning Increase in brain weight independent of body weight
58
Experiment placing a patch over one eye of a rat then training them in a maze
Neurons in the visual cortex of the trained hemisphere (opposite of the eye able to see) had more extensive dendrites
59
Experience-dependent change in humans (Wernicke's area and education)
Studies found relationship between dendrite size in Wernicke's area and level of education More dendritic branches when college-educated
60
Epigenetic explanation of why memories remain stable when cells are constantly undergoing molecular turnover
Specific sites in the DNA of neurons involved in memory may exist in methylated or non-methylated states Epigenetic mechanisms mediate synaptic plasticity
61
Gonadal hormones and plasticity
Establish differences in cortical neurons | Continue to influence structure and behaviour in adulthood
62
Changes in estrogen levels on brain structure
Alters structures of the neurons and astrocytes in the neocortex and hippocampus Decline in estrogen- greater synapses in the neocortex and less in the hippocampus
63
Stress hormones and plasticity
Pituitary produces adrenocorticotropic hormone which stimulates the adrenal cortex to produce glucocorticoids With prolonged stress can kill hippocampal cells
64
Neurotrophic factors
Chemical compounds that signal stem cells to develop into neurons or glia, or reorganize neural circuits
65
Nerve growth factor
Stimulates growth of dendrites and synapses
66
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)
Increases when animals solve problems | Enhances plastic changes like the growth of dendrites and synapses
67
Behavioural sensitization
Progressive increase in behavioural actions in response to repeated administration of a drug Memory for a particular drug, similar structural changes to other forms of learning - more receptors, more synapses Localized to certain areas- nucleus accumbent
68
Three-legged cat solution to recovery from brain injury
Simplest solution Cat loses leg, learns to compensate by walking on 3 legs the behaviour changed to compensate
69
New-circuit solution to recovering from brain injury
The brain forms new connections to overcome losses
70
Behavioural therapy and recovery from brain injury
Therapy increases brain activity which facilitates neural changes New-circuits
71
Pharmacological intervention and recovery from brain injury
Drugs to influence brain plasticity (eg nerve growth factor) Neural growth needs to occur in brain regions that can influence a lost function New circuits
72
Electrical stimulation and deep brain stimulation and recovery from brain injury
Electrical stimulation directly increases activity in the remaining parts of damaged networks DBT puts the brain in a more plastic state for other rehab therapies New circuits

Psyco 275 (4 decks)

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