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Psyco 275 > Chapter 12 > Flashcards

Chapter 12 Flashcards

1
Q

Emotions

A

Cognitive interpretations of subjective experiences

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2
Q

Innate releasing mechanism

A

Hypothetical
Detects specific sensory stimuli, directs an organism to take a particular action
Aids survival
Innate but modified by experience

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3
Q

Evolutionary psychology

A

Assume behaviour occurs because natural selection favoured the neural circuits that produce it

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4
Q

Neural circuits

A

Brain circuits for reward that can modulate to increase or decrease activity

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5
Q

Skinner- environmental influences

A

Certain events function as reinforcers

When a reinforcer follows a particular action similar actions are more likely to occur

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6
Q

Learned tase aversion

A

Acquired association between a specific tase or odour and an illness leading to an aversion
associative learning

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7
Q

Preparedness

A

Predisposition to respond to certain stimuli differently from other stimuli
prewired to make certain associations but not others

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8
Q

Olfactory receptors

A

Scent interacts with chemical receptors
Receptors constantly replaced
Each receptor ends in cilia in a mucous layer

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9
Q

Olfactory epithelium

A

Receptor surface for olfaction in the nasal cavity

receptors and support cells

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10
Q

Olfactory bulb

A

gets information from receptor cells, synapses with mitral cells which connect to forebrain areas

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11
Q

Thalamic connection in olfaction

A

Most targets have no connection through the thalamus

There is a thalamic connection to the orbitofrontal cortex

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12
Q

Oribitofrontal cortex

A

Prefrontal area behind the eye sockets

Emotional and social behaviours including eating

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13
Q

Pheromones

A

Biochemicals released by one animal that act as chemosignals
Affect the behaviour of another animal of the same species
Detected by vemernasal organ

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14
Q

Vemeronasal organ

A

Detects pheromones
Sends axons to accessory olfactory bulb that connects with the amygdala and hypothalamus- role in reproductive and social behaviour

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15
Q

Gustatory receptors

A

Tastebuds on an under the tongue, roof of mouth, sides of mouth, back of mouth. nasopharynx
Sweet, sour, salty, bitter

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16
Q

taste buds

A

Groups of gustatory receptors

Each contains several (or all) receptor types

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17
Q

Solitary tract (gustation)

A

Cranial nerves 7. 9. 10- main gustatory nerve

Splits in the brainstem

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18
Q

1st gustatory route

A

Projections to somatosensory cortex: tactile info and texture
Primary gustatory cortex: taste
Orbital frontal cortex: perception of flavour, affected by ambience

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19
Q

2nd gustatory route

A

Goes to the hypothalamus and amygdala

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20
Q

Regulatory behaviours

A

Motivated by an organisms survival

Controlled by homeostatic mechanism

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21
Q

Homeostatic mechanisms

A

Maintains critical body functions within a narrow range

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22
Q

Nonregulatory behaviours

A

Not required to meet basic survival needs

Not controlled my homeostatic mechanism

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23
Q

Hypothalamic circuit

A

Hypothalamus acts on the endocrine system and the ANS to regulate the internal environment
Influences behaviours selected by the rest of the brain

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24
Q

Medial forebrain bundle

A

Connects the brainstem with the limbic system

Forms activating projections that run from the brainstem to the basal ganglia and frontal cortex

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25
Hypothalamic tract peptides
Neurones in hypothalamus make peptides that are transported down their axon to the posterior pituitary
26
Posterior pituitary
Receives peptides from hypothalamus Sends APs to terminals to release stored peptides Peptides enter the blood stream
27
Anterior pituitary
Synthesizes hormones | Hypothalamus controls the release by producing releasing hromrones
28
Feedback loops
Homeostatic control, regulates the initiation of neural activity or hormonal release
29
Hypothalamus and experimental responses
Neurons in the hypothalamus undergo changes in response to experience changes can affect hormones
30
Hypothalamus and generating behaviour
Central to goal-directed behaviour | When the hypothalamus is stimulated in animals they engage in complex behaviours
31
3 parts controlling eating
Cognitive factors: thinking about food, environmental cues Hypothalamus Digestive system
32
Digestive system
Controlled by ENS As door travels through the tract, nutrients are extracted Body has detector cells to track the level of each nutrient in the blood stream
33
Glucose
Primary fuel, only energy source for the brain
34
What happens when blood sugar (glucose) levels are low
Detector cells tell the liver to convert glycogen into glucose for release
35
Feedback mechanisms of the digestive system
When food reaches the intestines it interacts with ENS receptors to trigger release of peptide hormones Hormones act as satiation or satiety signals
36
Hypothalamus and eatin
Eating influenced by hormones
37
Lateral hypothalamus and eating
Damage causes aphagia: stops eating | Stimulation elicits eating
38
Ventromedial hypothalamus and eating
Damage causes hyperphasia: overeating | Stimulation inhibits eating
39
2 major classes of neurons in arcuate nucleus (eating)
``` one initiates eating, one reduces eating Changes in hormone levels reflecting glucose and lipid levels stimulate either class of neurons ```
40
Cognitive control of eating
Pleasure or absence of pleasure | External sensations and learned associations
41
Damage to amygdala and eating
Damage alters food preferences and abolishes taste aversion learning
42
Damage to orbitofrontal cortex and eating
decreases eating due to diminished sensory responses
43
Osmotic thirst
Results from a high concentration of dissolved chemicals in body fluids Receptors in hypothalamus detect solute concentration and send message to stimulate us to drink and reduce water excretion in kidneys
44
Water intoxication
Drinking more water than the kidneys can handle body tissues swell with fluid and drowns the cells Electrolyte imbalance
45
Hypovolemic thirst
When the total volume of body fluid declines Encourages us to choose something other than water so the solute concentration isn't diluted When fluid volume drops kidneys send hormone signal, stimulates hypothalamus, stimulates drinking
46
2 general effects of gonadal hormones
Organizing- gonadal hormones organize the brain during development Activate sex-specific behaviours in adulthood
47
Organizing effects of gonadal hormones
During fetal development, testes produce androgens which alter structures cells in the brain produce aromatase which converts testosterone into estradiol which masculinizes the male brain
48
Activating effects of gonadal hormones
Ovarian hormones can change structures of dendrites and synapses Testosterone activates sexual behaviour
49
Hypothalamus and sexual behaviour
Controls copulatory behaviour in males and females
50
Ventromedial hypothalamus and sexual behaviour
Controls female mating posture
51
Medial preoptic area and sexual behaviour
Controls copulation in males | Does not control motivation
52
Amygdala and sexual behaviour
Controls motivation
53
Sexual determination
Determined during early development, genetic and epigenetic factors Differences in the hypothalamus
54
Cognitive influences of sexual behaviour
The cortex is not essential for motivation and copulation | Involved in imagining sexual activity and thinking about and planning sexual activity
55
3 forms of emotional experience
Autonomic responses Strong subjective feelings Thoughts or plans related to the experience
56
Constructivist theory of emotion (James-Lange theory)
The brain interprets physiological changes as emotions | Produces a cognitive response to autonomic information
57
Appraisal theory of emotion
Emotions are processes rather than states | Activity of biological subsystems and extensive neural networks
58
4 biological subsystems of the appraisal theory of emotion
Appraisal component: evaluation Semantic component: physiological Behavioural component Feeling component: subjective
59
General neuropsychological theory of emotion
Emotional control is lateralized Left hemisphere interprets feelings Right hemisphere has a role in producing strong emotions and is more automatic
60
Limbic circuit
How emotion reaches consciousness | The hippocampus, amygdala, and prefrontal cortex all connect with the hypothalamus
61
3 subdivisions of the amygdala
Corticomedial area Basolateral area Central area
62
Amygdala
Receives inputs from all sensory systems Many neurons are multimodal Sends connections primarily to the hypothalamus and brain stem
63
Kluver-Bury syndrome
Removal of amygdala of monkeys Principal symptoms include: loss of fear, indiscriminate dietary behaviour, increase in autoerotic activity with inappropriate objects, attend to every visual stimulus, came all objects by mouth
64
2 components of awareness of danger and safety
Innate component: automatic processing of species-relevant sensory information Learned component: avoidance of specific things the organism associates with danger (involvement of amygdala)
65
Role of prefrontal cortex
Selects behaviours appropriate to the particular time and place Receives highly processed info from all sensory areas Specifying goals
66
inferior prefrontal region
Sends axons to amygdala and hypothalamus | Route for influencing ANS and ENS and internal processes of emotions
67
Dorsolateral prefrontal region
Larger role in cognitive behaviours not emotional
68
Ventromedial prefrontal cortex
Role in decision making
69
Major depression
Prolonged feelings of worthlessness and guilt, disruptions of normal eating habits, sleep disturbances, slowing of behaviour Genetic component Role of epigenetic changes: early life stress
70
3 main components of reward
Learning about rewards and their availability cues Motivation for rewards and associated cues Affective responses to pleasure of rewards
71
Intracranial self-stimulation
Rats press a bar to administer stimulation to specific sites of their brain Activating system underlying rewards
72
2 independent processes of reward
Wanting and liking
73
Wanting
Generated by a large distributed brain system | Dopamine projections
74
Liking
Generated by a smaller set of hedonic areas within limbic circuitry Hedonic hotspots Opioids and endocannibanoids
75
Hedonic gloss
Networks of hedonic hotspots (pleasure) and cold spots (displeasure)

Psyco 275 (4 decks)

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