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Psyco 275 > Chapter 13 > Flashcards

Chapter 13 Flashcards

1
Q

Biorhythms

A

cyclical changes in behaviour or bodily functions

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2
Q

Period of a cycle

A

Time required to complete one cycle

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3
Q

Circannual rhythms

A

Period of about a year

Migratory and mating cycles

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4
Q

Infraradian rhythms

A

Periods greater than a day but less than a year
Monthly or seasonal
Menstrual cycle

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5
Q

Circadian rhythms

A

Daily period

Sleep-wake

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6
Q

Ultraradian rhythms

A

Periods of less than a day

Eating

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7
Q

Endogenous origin of circadian rhythms

A

Produced by a biological clock that synchronizes behaviour to the passage of a day
Allows us to anticipate and prepare for events

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8
Q

Measuring circadian rhythms

A

Running wheels for animals

Sensors in smart watches and phones

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9
Q

Free-running rhythms

A

Rhythm of the body’s own devising in the absence of all external cues
About 24.1-24.2 hours in humans

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10
Q

Zeitgebers

A

Environmental events that entrains biological rhythms

eg light

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11
Q

Entraining a circadian rhythm

A

When a Zeitgeber resets the biorhythm

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12
Q

Examples of nonphotic zeitgebers

A

Temperature, activity, mealtimes, work, social events

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13
Q

Light pollution

A

Extent to which artificial lighting floods our environments and disrupts circadian rhythms

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14
Q

Jet lag

A

Fatigue and disorientation resulting from rapid travel through time zones
Exposure to a changed light-dark cycle

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15
Q

Suprachiasmatic biological clock

A

Region of the hypothalamus that acts as the master biological clock
Keeps time

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16
Q

Other areas involved in the biological clock (other than the SCN)

A

Intergeniculate leaflet

Pineal gland

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17
Q

Keeping time in the SCN

A

Timing of the rhythm depends on groups of cells that synchronize their activity

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18
Q

SCN receives info about light through the ________

A

Retinohypothalamic tract

Melanopsin detects the blue ligh

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19
Q

Why is there still an entrained biorhythm in blind people?

A

The information comes from the retinohypothalamic tract not rods or cones

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20
Q

Two parts of the SCN

A

the core: activated by the retinohypothalamic tract, not rhythmic
the shell: entrained by the core cells. rhythmic

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21
Q

Pathway of nonphotic events influencing the SCN

A

projections of the intergeniculate nucleus of the thalamus and the raphe nucleus of the serotenergic activating system

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22
Q

Immortal time

A

the rhythm of the SCN cells is not learned it is genetically programmed

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23
Q

Feedback loop of the biological clock

A

2 proteins combine to form a dimer, the dimer then inhibits the genes that made the original proteins
Then the dimer degrades and the process begins again
Increases and decreases in protein synthesis each day produce the cellular rhythm

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24
Q

light, the SCN, and slave oscillators

A

Light entrains the SCN, the SCN then drives a number of slave oscillators that are responsible for the rhythmic occurrence of 1 activity
SCN is not directly responsible for producing behaviour but exerts control over the whole body

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25
SCN control over melatonin
Sends indirect messages to autonomic neurons in the spinal cord to inhibit pineal gland from making melatonin
26
Melatonin
Promotes rest during the dark portion of circadian cycle
27
Glucocorticoids
Controlled by SCN | Promotes arousal during the light portions of circadian rhythms
28
Hamsters breeding activity and melatonin
During shorter days there is more melatonin release and the gonads shrink, less sexual behaviour During longer days there is less melatonin release and the gonads grow, stimulates sexual behaviour
29
Chronotypes
Individual variation in circadian activity | Likely produced by differences in SCN neurons and the genes that influence them
30
Circadian period influence on emotional behaviour
Time-of-day effect may account for emotional responses to daily events independent of the events themselves Eg: night time fear independent of lighting
31
3 parts of measuring sleep
Brain activity: EEG Muscle activity: EMG Eye movement: EOG
32
REM sleep (R sleep)
faster brain wave pattern, rapid eye movement | Atonia: other than twitches muscles are inactive
33
Non-REM sleep (N sleep)
Slower waves with large amplitude
34
Beta rhythm
When a person is awake | Small amplitude and high frequency
35
Alpha rhythm
Larger brain waves when people relax and close their eyes
36
Theta waves
Low amplitude with a mixed frequency
37
N1 sleep
Sleep onset Theta waves Muscles somewhat active
38
N2 sleep
Asleep, theta waves Periodic sleep spindles: brief periods of high frequency waves K-complexes: well-defined sharp waves followed by slow waves
39
N3 sleep
Deep sleep delta rhythms Some muscle activity Eyes don't move
40
Delta rhythms
Large amplitude slow waves during deep sleep
41
A typical sleep
depth of sleep changes throughout the night Non-REM- REM sequence lasts about 90 minutes First half dominated by N sleep, second by R sleep
42
Vivid dreaming
Occurs during R sleep | Take place in real time
43
Freud's theory of dreaming
Dreams are the symbolic fulfillment of unconscious wishes especially sexual ones Manifest content: the dream Latent content: the true meaning of the dream
44
Carl Jung's theory of dreaming
Dream symbolism signifies distant human memories lost to conscious awareness the collective unconscious
45
Activation synthesis theory of dreaming
During a dream the cortex is bombarded by signals from the brainstem Cortex then generates images, actions, emotions from personal memory No intrinsic meaning Bottom-up approach
46
Dreams as a coping strategy
Top-down approach Dreams are biologically adaptive and lead to advances coping strategies for threatening events Problem solving during sleep
47
Sleep as a biological adaptation
Conserving energy when food is scarce, metabolism decreases | Prey sleep less than predators
48
Basic-rest activity cycle
90 minute temporal packets of activity
49
Basic-rest activity cycle
90 minute temporal packets of activity | Cannot be turned off
50
Sleep deprivation
Individual differences in consequences Multiple functions altered Go into micro sleeps
51
Sleep after R-sleep deprivation
Increased tendency to enter R sleep in subsequent sleep sessions R-sleep rebound: more than usual amount of R sleep in first available sleep session
52
Labile phase of memory
As memory is encoded | Fragile and must compete with existing memories
53
Storage phase of memory
Relatively permanent representation, structural changes in the nervous system May be better formed in sleep
54
Recall phase of memory
Puts memory to work and integrates in into existing memory stores We replay during sleep
55
Multiple-process theories of sleep and memory
Propose that different kinds of memories are stored during different sleep states Explicit memory stored during N sleep Motor memory during R sleep
56
Sequential process theories of sleeping and memory
Propose that different kinds of memory are stored during different ways during different sleep states Memory is refined during N sleep and storied during R sleep
57
Storage process theories of sleeping and memory
Propose that brain regions that handle different kinds of memory during waking continue to do so during sleep
58
Synaptic homeostasis theory of sleeping and memory
Slow waves during sleep allow synaptic activity to shift to a resting state where they are more plastic and available to be engaged in the next waking period During N-sleep they are in optimal condition to undergo structural changes without interference Synapses involved in new learning experiences are more metabolically active
59
N sleep and explicit memory
Memory of food searching experiences in rats are replayed and stored during N sleep Memory for place stored in N sleep
60
R sleep and implicit memory
Participants dream about motor skill leaning experience | Suggests replay during R sleep strengthens task memory
61
Study of sleep in chickens
Chickens alternate sleep in each hemisphere Spatial memory formation is stored mainly in the right hemisphere After a learning experience the right hemisphere showed more sleep than the left
62
Reticular activating system
Large reticulum that runs through the centre of the brainstem Associated with sleep-wake behaviour and behavioural arousal Normal waking up occurs when the RAS becomes active
63
Basal forebrain
Contains cholinergic cells that secrete acetylcholine onto cortical neutrons to stimulate a waking beta rhythm Associated with alert but immobile attention
64
Median raphe
Midbrain structure that contains serotonin neutrons Axons project to the cortex to stimulate a beta rhythm Waking EEG associated with movement
65
Peribrachial area
Group of cholinergic neurons that contribute to R sleep in the dorsal brainstem When destroyed R-sleep is reduced Initiates R sleep by activating the medial pontine reticular formation
66
Medial pontine reticular formation (MPRF)
Activated by the peribrachial area to produce R sleep Excites the basal forebrain cholinergic neurons Excites the brainstem motor nuclei to produce eye movements and twitches Produces atonia through the subcoerulear nucleus
67
Subcoerulear nucleus
Receives input from the medial pontine reticular formation Excited the magnocellular cells of the medulla which sends projections to the spinal cord motor neurons to inhibit them and cause atonia
68
Insomnia
Inability to fall or stay asleep
69
Hypersomnia
Difficulty waking up or staying awake
70
Inability to sleep
Symptom of a number of conditions Lifestyle choices, shift work, jet lag Stress Anxiety and depression
71
Sleeping pills
Promote N sleep but deprive R sleep | Drug dependence insomnia if they stop taking them
72
Fatal familial insomnia
Almost complete inability to sleep caused by a gene mutation | Death after a number of months
73
Sleep apnea
Inability to breath during sleep, have to wake up to breath | Causes daytime sleepiness
74
Sleeping beauty syndrome/Kleine-Levin syndrome
Recurring bouts of excessive sleeping | Sleep episodes of 15-20+ hours
75
Narcolepsy
Symptoms include sleep paralysis, hypnagogic hallucinations Immediately fall into R sleep Can have a genetic basis
76
Sleep paralysis
Atonia and dreaming that occur when a person is falling asleep or waking up
77
Cataplexy
Atonia of R-sleep that occurs when a person is awake and active Loss of muscle tone and then fall to the ground
78
Hypnagogic hallucinations
Dream like events during cataplexy | Seeing imaginary creatures or voices

Psyco 275 (4 decks)

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