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Psyco 275 > Chapter 13 > Flashcards

Chapter 13 Flashcards

1
Q

Biorhythms

A

cyclical changes in behaviour or bodily functions

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2
Q

Period of a cycle

A

Time required to complete one cycle

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3
Q

Circannual rhythms

A

Period of about a year

Migratory and mating cycles

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4
Q

Infraradian rhythms

A

Periods greater than a day but less than a year
Monthly or seasonal
Menstrual cycle

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5
Q

Circadian rhythms

A

Daily period

Sleep-wake

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6
Q

Ultraradian rhythms

A

Periods of less than a day

Eating

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7
Q

Endogenous origin of circadian rhythms

A

Produced by a biological clock that synchronizes behaviour to the passage of a day
Allows us to anticipate and prepare for events

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8
Q

Measuring circadian rhythms

A

Running wheels for animals

Sensors in smart watches and phones

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9
Q

Free-running rhythms

A

Rhythm of the body’s own devising in the absence of all external cues
About 24.1-24.2 hours in humans

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10
Q

Zeitgebers

A

Environmental events that entrains biological rhythms

eg light

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11
Q

Entraining a circadian rhythm

A

When a Zeitgeber resets the biorhythm

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12
Q

Examples of nonphotic zeitgebers

A

Temperature, activity, mealtimes, work, social events

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13
Q

Light pollution

A

Extent to which artificial lighting floods our environments and disrupts circadian rhythms

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14
Q

Jet lag

A

Fatigue and disorientation resulting from rapid travel through time zones
Exposure to a changed light-dark cycle

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15
Q

Suprachiasmatic biological clock

A

Region of the hypothalamus that acts as the master biological clock
Keeps time

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16
Q

Other areas involved in the biological clock (other than the SCN)

A

Intergeniculate leaflet

Pineal gland

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17
Q

Keeping time in the SCN

A

Timing of the rhythm depends on groups of cells that synchronize their activity

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18
Q

SCN receives info about light through the ________

A

Retinohypothalamic tract

Melanopsin detects the blue ligh

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19
Q

Why is there still an entrained biorhythm in blind people?

A

The information comes from the retinohypothalamic tract not rods or cones

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20
Q

Two parts of the SCN

A

the core: activated by the retinohypothalamic tract, not rhythmic
the shell: entrained by the core cells. rhythmic

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21
Q

Pathway of nonphotic events influencing the SCN

A

projections of the intergeniculate nucleus of the thalamus and the raphe nucleus of the serotenergic activating system

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22
Q

Immortal time

A

the rhythm of the SCN cells is not learned it is genetically programmed

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23
Q

Feedback loop of the biological clock

A

2 proteins combine to form a dimer, the dimer then inhibits the genes that made the original proteins
Then the dimer degrades and the process begins again
Increases and decreases in protein synthesis each day produce the cellular rhythm

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24
Q

light, the SCN, and slave oscillators

A

Light entrains the SCN, the SCN then drives a number of slave oscillators that are responsible for the rhythmic occurrence of 1 activity
SCN is not directly responsible for producing behaviour but exerts control over the whole body

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25
Q

SCN control over melatonin

A

Sends indirect messages to autonomic neurons in the spinal cord to inhibit pineal gland from making melatonin

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26
Q

Melatonin

A

Promotes rest during the dark portion of circadian cycle

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27
Q

Glucocorticoids

A

Controlled by SCN

Promotes arousal during the light portions of circadian rhythms

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28
Q

Hamsters breeding activity and melatonin

A

During shorter days there is more melatonin release and the gonads shrink, less sexual behaviour
During longer days there is less melatonin release and the gonads grow, stimulates sexual behaviour

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29
Q

Chronotypes

A

Individual variation in circadian activity

Likely produced by differences in SCN neurons and the genes that influence them

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30
Q

Circadian period influence on emotional behaviour

A

Time-of-day effect may account for emotional responses to daily events independent of the events themselves
Eg: night time fear independent of lighting

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31
Q

3 parts of measuring sleep

A

Brain activity: EEG
Muscle activity: EMG
Eye movement: EOG

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32
Q

REM sleep (R sleep)

A

faster brain wave pattern, rapid eye movement

Atonia: other than twitches muscles are inactive

33
Q

Non-REM sleep (N sleep)

A

Slower waves with large amplitude

34
Q

Beta rhythm

A

When a person is awake

Small amplitude and high frequency

35
Q

Alpha rhythm

A

Larger brain waves when people relax and close their eyes

36
Q

Theta waves

A

Low amplitude with a mixed frequency

37
Q

N1 sleep

A

Sleep onset
Theta waves
Muscles somewhat active

38
Q

N2 sleep

A

Asleep, theta waves
Periodic sleep spindles: brief periods of high frequency waves
K-complexes: well-defined sharp waves followed by slow waves

39
Q

N3 sleep

A

Deep sleep delta rhythms
Some muscle activity
Eyes don’t move

40
Q

Delta rhythms

A

Large amplitude slow waves during deep sleep

41
Q

A typical sleep

A

depth of sleep changes throughout the night
Non-REM- REM sequence lasts about 90 minutes
First half dominated by N sleep, second by R sleep

42
Q

Vivid dreaming

A

Occurs during R sleep

Take place in real time

43
Q

Freud’s theory of dreaming

A

Dreams are the symbolic fulfillment of unconscious wishes especially sexual ones
Manifest content: the dream
Latent content: the true meaning of the dream

44
Q

Carl Jung’s theory of dreaming

A

Dream symbolism signifies distant human memories lost to conscious awareness
the collective unconscious

45
Q

Activation synthesis theory of dreaming

A

During a dream the cortex is bombarded by signals from the brainstem
Cortex then generates images, actions, emotions from personal memory
No intrinsic meaning
Bottom-up approach

46
Q

Dreams as a coping strategy

A

Top-down approach
Dreams are biologically adaptive and lead to advances coping strategies for threatening events
Problem solving during sleep

47
Q

Sleep as a biological adaptation

A

Conserving energy when food is scarce, metabolism decreases

Prey sleep less than predators

48
Q

Basic-rest activity cycle

A

90 minute temporal packets of activity

49
Q

Basic-rest activity cycle

A

90 minute temporal packets of activity

Cannot be turned off

50
Q

Sleep deprivation

A

Individual differences in consequences
Multiple functions altered
Go into micro sleeps

51
Q

Sleep after R-sleep deprivation

A

Increased tendency to enter R sleep in subsequent sleep sessions
R-sleep rebound: more than usual amount of R sleep in first available sleep session

52
Q

Labile phase of memory

A

As memory is encoded

Fragile and must compete with existing memories

53
Q

Storage phase of memory

A

Relatively permanent representation, structural changes in the nervous system
May be better formed in sleep

54
Q

Recall phase of memory

A

Puts memory to work and integrates in into existing memory stores
We replay during sleep

55
Q

Multiple-process theories of sleep and memory

A

Propose that different kinds of memories are stored during different sleep states
Explicit memory stored during N sleep
Motor memory during R sleep

56
Q

Sequential process theories of sleeping and memory

A

Propose that different kinds of memory are stored during different ways during different sleep states
Memory is refined during N sleep and storied during R sleep

57
Q

Storage process theories of sleeping and memory

A

Propose that brain regions that handle different kinds of memory during waking continue to do so during sleep

58
Q

Synaptic homeostasis theory of sleeping and memory

A

Slow waves during sleep allow synaptic activity to shift to a resting state where they are more plastic and available to be engaged in the next waking period
During N-sleep they are in optimal condition to undergo structural changes without interference
Synapses involved in new learning experiences are more metabolically active

59
Q

N sleep and explicit memory

A

Memory of food searching experiences in rats are replayed and stored during N sleep
Memory for place stored in N sleep

60
Q

R sleep and implicit memory

A

Participants dream about motor skill leaning experience

Suggests replay during R sleep strengthens task memory

61
Q

Study of sleep in chickens

A

Chickens alternate sleep in each hemisphere
Spatial memory formation is stored mainly in the right hemisphere
After a learning experience the right hemisphere showed more sleep than the left

62
Q

Reticular activating system

A

Large reticulum that runs through the centre of the brainstem
Associated with sleep-wake behaviour and behavioural arousal
Normal waking up occurs when the RAS becomes active

63
Q

Basal forebrain

A

Contains cholinergic cells that secrete acetylcholine onto cortical neutrons to stimulate a waking beta rhythm
Associated with alert but immobile attention

64
Q

Median raphe

A

Midbrain structure that contains serotonin neutrons
Axons project to the cortex to stimulate a beta rhythm
Waking EEG associated with movement

65
Q

Peribrachial area

A

Group of cholinergic neurons that contribute to R sleep in the dorsal brainstem
When destroyed R-sleep is reduced
Initiates R sleep by activating the medial pontine reticular formation

66
Q

Medial pontine reticular formation (MPRF)

A

Activated by the peribrachial area to produce R sleep
Excites the basal forebrain cholinergic neurons
Excites the brainstem motor nuclei to produce eye movements and twitches
Produces atonia through the subcoerulear nucleus

67
Q

Subcoerulear nucleus

A

Receives input from the medial pontine reticular formation
Excited the magnocellular cells of the medulla which sends projections to the spinal cord motor neurons to inhibit them and cause atonia

68
Q

Insomnia

A

Inability to fall or stay asleep

69
Q

Hypersomnia

A

Difficulty waking up or staying awake

70
Q

Inability to sleep

A

Symptom of a number of conditions
Lifestyle choices, shift work, jet lag
Stress
Anxiety and depression

71
Q

Sleeping pills

A

Promote N sleep but deprive R sleep

Drug dependence insomnia if they stop taking them

72
Q

Fatal familial insomnia

A

Almost complete inability to sleep caused by a gene mutation

Death after a number of months

73
Q

Sleep apnea

A

Inability to breath during sleep, have to wake up to breath

Causes daytime sleepiness

74
Q

Sleeping beauty syndrome/Kleine-Levin syndrome

A

Recurring bouts of excessive sleeping

Sleep episodes of 15-20+ hours

75
Q

Narcolepsy

A

Symptoms include sleep paralysis, hypnagogic hallucinations
Immediately fall into R sleep
Can have a genetic basis

76
Q

Sleep paralysis

A

Atonia and dreaming that occur when a person is falling asleep or waking up

77
Q

Cataplexy

A

Atonia of R-sleep that occurs when a person is awake and active
Loss of muscle tone and then fall to the ground

78
Q

Hypnagogic hallucinations

A

Dream like events during cataplexy

Seeing imaginary creatures or voices

Psyco 275 (4 decks)

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