Chapter 14.1

Question 1

Where and when did the “spiritual revival,” of the church’s reforms begin?

Answer 1

The monastery at Cluny, 910

Question 2

What was the goal of the reforms?

Answer 2

To return the basic principals and values to the christian religion

Question 3

What was the period of church reform called?

Answer 3

The age of faith

Question 4

What were the main problems the church faced?

Answer 4

Priests were uneducated
Priests were getting married and having children
Simony was being practiced
Lay investiture was being practiced

Question 5

What was simony?

Answer 5

The act of bishops selling church positions

Question 6

What was lay investiture?

Answer 6

Secular powers such as kings appointing church positions

Question 7

Who were the 2 main popes that led the religious reforms?

Answer 7

Pope Leo IX

Pope Gregory VII

Question 8

What was done to increase the power of the pope and to enforce canon law?

Answer 8

The church was redesigned to look like a kingdom and the pope gained the Curia. Taxes called tithes were implemented. Also diplomats were sent across the christendom.

Question 9

What was the curia?

Answer 9

The curia were the pope’s advisors and they served as a court for people brought to trial that were accused of breaking canon law.

Question 10

What was a tithe?

Answer 10

A tax that every christian had to pay, it was 1/10 of their yearly income and it went towards social services such as hospitals.

Question 11

What was a friar?

Answer 11

Friars were just like monks but they did no isolate themselves from the outside world in monasteries, they preached to the poor. Friars commonly owned nothing and lived off whatever they received when begging.

Question 12

What vows did a monk/friar take?

Answer 12

Chastity, Poverty, Obedience

Question 13

What were some of the names of friar groups and their founders?

Answer 13

Dominicans, founded by Dominic, emphasized education
Franciscans, founded by Francis of Assisi, treated all living beings like spiritual brothers and sisters
Benedictines, Hildegard of Bingen, lived in poverty and helped the poor and sick.

Question 14

What limitation did women have during the spiritual revival that men were allowed to do?

Answer 14

Women were not allowed to travel from place to place as preachers.

Question 15

What was the name of the Franciscan order for women?

Answer 15

The Poor Clares

Question 16

What was a cathedral built for?

Answer 16

To represent “The City of God,” to show off the church’s power and wealth. Cathedrals were also built to draw citizens back into organized city life after the end of manor life in the country.

Question 17

What styles of architecture were used to build cathedrals?

Answer 17

Romanesque, then Gothic during the age of faith

Question 18

How was the first crusade initiated?

Answer 18

The Byzantine emperor sent a letter to Robert, Count of Flanders informing him of an intimate attack on his capital of Constantinople. Pope Urban II read the letter and shortly afterwards called for the first crusade?

Question 19

What was the goal of the crusades?

Answer 19

To regain control of Jerusalem, the holy land. To occupy knights that were fighting against each other.

Question 20

What were motivating factors for one to join a crusade?

Answer 20

Promised a spot in heaven, adventure, wealth or a placer in society

Question 21

What was the result of the first crusade?

Answer 21

650 miles of land were captured near jerusalem, control was not fully accomplished. This area was split into 4 feudal crusader states.

Question 22

What caused the crusades to fail?

Answer 22

Lack of leadership, lack of skilled soldiers, lack of food, lack of knowledge of terrain and climate and a lack of supplies.

Question 23

Who was the brilliant Muslim/Kurdish leader that fought against the Christians during the first few crusades?

Answer 23

Saladin

Question 24

Who was the christians leader that fought against the Muslims during the third crusade?

Answer 24

Richard the Lion-Hearted, Philip and Barbarossa

Question 25

What was the conclusion of the 3rd crusade?

Answer 25

A peace treaty was created between Saladin and Richard. The treaty allowed the Muslims to keep control of Jerusalem while christian pilgrims to enter the holy city unarmed and visit the holy land marks.

Question 26

What happened in later crusades that proved that the true crusading spirit was dwindling?

Answer 26

Constantinople was looted by Christians and a Christian crusading force attacked Cairo, Egypt.

Question 27

What was the Reconquista?

Answer 27

A Spanish crusade to drive out the Moors (Muslims).

Question 28

What was the Spanish Inquisition?

Answer 28

A court system used to weed out heretics and stop heresy in Spain.

Question 29

What was the end result of the crusades, how did they affect secular and religious powers alike?

Answer 29

Ended feudalism in Western Europe
Trade was expanded to Southwest Asia
Lessened the power of the Pope while increasing the power of the kings
Byzantine empire is weakened by the fall of Constantinople
Began a war that to this day rages on in the Middle East, effectively ruining the entire area