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Psych 102 Ch 8 & 9 > Chapter 14 - Stress > Flashcards

Chapter 14 - Stress Flashcards

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1
Q

Define Stress

A

Any circumstances that threaten or are perceived to threaten one’s well-being + that thereby tax one’s coping abilities

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2
Q

What does stress threaten?

A

Physical Safety, long-range security, self-esteem, peace of mind, reputation, anything that an individual values

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3
Q

What is the nature of stress?

A

Cumulative

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4
Q

Define Appraisal + list 2 types

A

Stress lies in the eye of the beholder.

-Primary + Secondary

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5
Q

Define Primary Appraisal

A

An initial evaluation of whether an event is irrelevant to you, relevant but not threatening, stressful

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6
Q

Define Secondary Appraisal

A

Evaluation of your coping resources + options for dealing w/ stress.

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7
Q

Difference b/w Acute + Chronic Stressors

A

Acute; Threatening events that have a relatively short duration + clear endpoint
Chronic; Threatening events that have a relatively long duration + no readily apparent time limit

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8
Q

List the 4 major types of stress

A

Frustration, internal conflict, life changes, pressure

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9
Q

Define Frustration as a Major Type of Stress

A

Experienced when pursuit of some goal is thwarted

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10
Q

Define Internal Conflict as a Major Type of Stress + list 3 types

A

2+ incompatible motivations or behavioural impulses compete for expression

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11
Q

Define Approach-Aproach Conflict, Avoidance-Avoidance Conflict, Approach-Avoidance Conflict

A

Approach-Aproach; Choice b/w 2 attractive goals
Avoidance-Avoidance; Choice b/w 2 unattractive goals
Approach-Avoidance; Choice about whether to pursue a single goal that has both attractive + unattractive aspects

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12
Q

Define Life Changes as a Major Type of Stress

A

Any substantial alterations in one’s living circumstances that require readjustment (Social Readjustment Rating Scale)

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13
Q

Define Pressure as a Major Type of Stress

A

Expectations/demands that one behave in a certain way

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14
Q

Define Coping as a Response to Stress

A

Active efforts to master, reduce, or tolerate the demands created by stress (Either adaptive or maladaptive)

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15
Q

List 6 Behavioural Responses

A

Giving up, blaming oneself, striking out at others, indulging oneself, defensive coping, constructive coping

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16
Q

Define Giving Up as a Behavioural Response to Stress

A

Learned Helplessness; Passive behaviour produced by exposure to unavoidable aversive events.
-Individuals believe events are beyond their control

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17
Q

Define Blaming Oneself as a Behavioural Response to Stress

A

Tendency to become highly self-critical in stressful situations

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18
Q

Define Striking Out at Others as a Behavioural Response to Stress

A

Catharsis; Release of emotional tension

-Aggressive behaviour tends to fuel more anger + aggression

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19
Q

Define Defensive Coping as a Behavioural Response to Stress

A

Defence Mechanisms; Shield people from unpleasant emotions elicited by stress

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20
Q

Define Constructive Coping as a Behavioural Response to Stress

A

Relatively healthful efforts to deal w/ stressful events

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21
Q

What does Constructive Coping Require from an Individual?

A
  • Confronting problems directly
  • Realistic appraisals of stress + coping resources
  • Learning to recognize + regulate disruptive emotional reactions to stress
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22
Q

List 4 General Emotional Response Categories to Stress

A
  • Annoyance, anger, rage
  • Apprehension, anxiety, fear
  • Dejection, sadness, grief
  • Positive Emotions
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23
Q

Describe the relationship b/w emotional response + performance & the hypothesis related to it

A

Inverted U Hypothesis

- The more complex the task, the lower the level of arousal + vice versa

24
Q

Describe the Fight or Flight Response as a Physiological Response

A

Physiological response to threat in which the autonomic nervous system mobilizes the body for attacking or fleeing an enemy

25
Q

Describe the function of the Autonomic and Sympathetic Nervous System

A

Autonomic; Unconsciously controls + regulates internal organs
Sympathetic; Prepares body to put out energy + protect itself from effects of injury

26
Q

Describe the General Adaption Syndrome as a Physiological Response

A

Body’s stress response

1) Alarm; first recognition of existence of threat
2) Resistance; physiological changes stabilize but are still above baseline
3) Exhaustion; body’s resources are depleted

27
Q

Describe the Brain-Body Pathway

A

Stress > Hypothalmus > a) Pituitary Gland & b) Autonomic NS (Sympathetic division) > a) Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) > a) Adrenal Cortex & b) Adrenal Medulla > a) Secretion of corticosteroids & b) Secretion of catecholamines

28
Q

Describe the Body’s Response to the Secretion of Corticosteroids

A
  • Increased protein + fat mobilizations
  • Increased access to energy storage
  • Decreased inflammation
29
Q

Describe the Body’s Response to the Secretion of Catecholamines

A
  • Increased CV response
  • Increased respiration
  • Increased perspiration
  • Increased blood flow to active muscles
  • Increased muscle strength
  • Increased mental activity
30
Q

Describe the Overall Response to Stress

A

Potentially stressful objective events > Subjective Cognitive Appraisal (Personalized perception of threat) > a) Emotional response & b) Physiological response & c) Behavioural response

31
Q

Describe the relationship b/w Stress + Psychological Functioning

A

Impaired task performance, potentially leading to burnout

32
Q

Define Burnout

A

Physical + emotional exhaustion, cynicism + lowered sense of self-efficacy that can be brought on by chronic work-related stress

33
Q

What are the Antecedents of Burnout?

A

work overload, lack of social support, lack of control + autonomy, inadequate recognition + rewards

34
Q

What are the Consequences of Burnout?

A

Increased physical illness, increased absenteeism + turnover, decreased commitment to job, reduced productivity

35
Q

Define PTSD

A

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder; Enduring psychological disturbance attributed to experience of a major traumatic event

36
Q

Describe the Other Problems that come with Stress + Psychological Functioning

A
  • Sleep problems
  • Unhappiness
  • More severe psychological disorders (Depression, schizophrenia, etc)
37
Q

Describe the Positive Effects of Stress + Psychological Functioning

A
  • Personal growth, self-improvement, developing new skills

- Improved coping abilities

38
Q

Describe characteristics related to Type A + Type B Personalities

A

A; Strong competitiveness, impatience + time urgency, anger + hostility
B; Relaxed, patient, easy-going, amicable behaviour

39
Q

Is Type A or Type B Personality at a increased risk for coronary risk

A

Type A

40
Q

Describe the relationship between emotional reactions, depression + heart disease

A
  • Emotional reactions can trigger cardiac symptoms

- Depressive disorders may increase risk for heart disease

41
Q

What does stress do to immune functioning?

A

Can decrease immune response

42
Q

List the 5 Factors Moderating the Impact of Stress

A

Optimism, Social Support, Conscientiousness, Hardiness, Stress Mindset

43
Q

Define Social Support + how it Impacts Stress

A 
Various types of aid + emotional sustenance provided by members of one's social networks
Impact;
-Increased immune functioning
-Increased physical health
-Increased mental health
44
Q

What are the cultural differences in how social support effects stress

A

Americans prefer explicit social support, and asians prefer implicit social support

45
Q

How does Optimism Impact Stress

A
  • Increased physical health
  • Increased immune functioning
  • Increased CV Health
  • Increased longevity
  • Cope w/ stress in more adaptive ways
  • More social support
46
Q

How does Conscientiousness Impact Stress

A
  • Increased longevity
  • Better physical health
  • Better health/coping habits
  • More likely to adhere to medical advice
  • Increased income associated w/ health + longevity
47
Q

Define Hardiness

A

Constellation of attitudes, beliefs, + behavioural tendencies that consists of 3 components; Commitment, control, challenge

48
Q

Describe the Two Different Stress Mindsets

A

Stress-is-debilitating mindset; Assuming stress is harmful

Stress-is-enhancing mindset; Stress is challenge + opportunity for growth

49
Q

List 4 Health Impairing Behaviours

A

Smoking, lack of exercise, alcohol + drug use, behaviour + AIDS

50
Q

Describe the various characteristics that effect seeking treatment in response to illness

A
  • People higher in anxiety + neuroticism report more symptoms of illness
  • Tendency of many people to delay pursuit of needed medical consultation
51
Q

Describe the various characteristics that effect communicating with health providers in response to illness

A

Many patients leave doctors office not understanding what they’ve been told + what they’re supposed to do

52
Q

What other reaction to illness can various characteristics effect.

A

Adhering to medical advice

53
Q

Describe Rational Emotive Therapy

A

Alter clients’ patterns of irrational thinking to reduce maladaptive emotions + behaviour

54
Q

Define Catastrophic Thinking

A

Unrealistic negative appraisals of stress that exaggerate the magnitude of one’s problems

55
Q

List ways to improve coping + stress management

A
  • Humour
  • Stress Reduction (Animal assisted therapy)
  • Relaxing + minimizing physiological vulnerability (progressive relaxation, meditation, exercise, sleep)
56
Q

Describe the Common Sense View

A

Activating Event (Stress) > Consequence (Emotional Turmoil)

57
Q

Describe Ellis’s View

A

Activating Event (Stress) > Belief System (Irrational Appraisal/ Rational Appraisal) > Consequence (Emotional Turmoil/ Emotional Calm)

Psych 102 Ch 8 & 9 (5 decks)

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