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Psych 102 Ch 8 & 9 > Ch 15 - Psychological Disorders > Flashcards

Ch 15 - Psychological Disorders Flashcards

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1
Q

Describe the medical models view of mental illness and why it is bad.

A

Abnormal behaviour = disease.

This view may cause stigma. (More stigma in mental illness than physical illness.

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2
Q

List + Describe 3 Criteria of Abnormal Behaviour

A

Deviance; Behaviour deviates from what society considers acceptance
Maladaptive Behaviour; Everyday adaptive behaviour is impaired
Personal Distress; Subjective pain and suffering

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3
Q

List 3 Stereotypes of Psychological Disorders

A
  • They are incurable
  • People w/ them are often violent + dangerous
  • People w/ them behave in bizarre ways + are very different from normal people
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4
Q

Define Epidemiology

A

Study of distribution of mental/physical disorders

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5
Q

Define Prevalence

A

Percentage of population exhibiting a disorder during a specified time period

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6
Q

Define Life Prevalence

A

Percentage of people who have been diagnosed w/ disorder at any time in their lives

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7
Q

List the 4 Types of Anxiety Disorders

A

Generalized Anxiety Disorder, Specific Phobias, Panic Disorder, Agoraphobia

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8
Q

Define General Anxiety Disorder

A

Chronic, high level of anxiety that is not tied to any specific threat

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9
Q

Describe the Physical Symptoms of General Anxiety Disorder

A

Muscle tension, dizziness, faintness, heart palipations

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10
Q

Define Specific Phobias

A

Persistent + irrational fear of an object/situation that presents no realistic danger

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11
Q

What is the lifetime prevalence of Specific Phobias + is it more common in men or women

A

10%

2/3 victims female

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12
Q

Define Panic Disorder

A

Recurrent Attacks of overwhelming anxiety that usually occur suddenly + unexpectedly

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13
Q

Is Panic Disorder more common in men or women?

A

2/3 victims are females

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14
Q

Define Agoraphobia

A

Fear of going out in public places. May co-exist with Panic Disorder.

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15
Q

Define Obsessive Compulsive Disorder

A

Marked by persistent, uncontrollable intrusions of unwanted thoughts + urges to to engage in senseless rituals

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16
Q

Difference b/w Obsessions + Compulsions

A

Obsessions; Thoughts that repeatedly intrude on one’s consciousness in a distressing way
Compulsions; Actions that one feels forced to carry out

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17
Q

What is PTSD triggered by + when does it surface?

A

Triggered by traumatic events (Ex. war, natural disasters). Can surface right after or many years after event.

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18
Q

What is the lifetime prevalence of PTSD?

A

7-8%

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19
Q

What are the symptoms of PTSD?

A

Re-experiencing traumatic event in form of nightmares + flashbacks, emotional numbing, problems in social relationships, elevated levels of arousal + anxiety + anger + guilt.

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20
Q

Biological Etiologgy of Anxiety Disorders

A

Genetic predisposition, abnormalities in neurotransmitter activity at GABA synapses (anxiety) & serotonin synapses (OCD)

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21
Q

Name the 4 categories of Etiology Factors of Anxiety DIsorders

A

Biological Factors, Conditioning + Learning, Cognitive Factors, Stress

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22
Q

Conditioning + Learning Etiologgy of Anxiety Disorders

A

Acquired through classical conditioning/observational learning. Maintained through operant conditioning.

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23
Q

Cognitive Factors Etiologgy of Anxiety Disorders

A

Judgements of perceived threat

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24
Q

Stress Etiologgy of Anxiety Disorders

A

It is a precipitator

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25
Q

Define Dissociative Disorders

A

People lose contact w/ portions of their consciousness/memory resulting in disruptions in their sense of identity

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26
Q

Define Dissociative Amnesia

A

Sudden loss of memory for personal info

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27
Q

Define Dissociative Identity Disorder

A

Coexistence of 2+ distinct personalities in 1 person.

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28
Q

Define the Etiology of Dissociative Disorders

A

Related to severe emotional trauma during childhood.

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29
Q

List the 4 types of Mood Disorders

A

Major Depressive Disorder, Bipolar Disorder, Seasonal Affective Disorder, Postpartum Depression

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30
Q

Define Major Depressive Disorder

A

People show persistent feelings of sadness + despair + a loss of interest in previous sources of pleasure

31
Q

Define Anhedonia

A

Diminished ability to experience pleasure

32
Q

What is the lifetime prevalence of Depression + which gender is it more common in?

A

13-16%

2x more common in women

33
Q

Define Bipolar 1 Disorder

A

Characterized by the experience of 1+ manic episodes as well as periods of depression

34
Q

Define Bipolar 2 Disorder

A

Episodes of major depression w/ hypomania (Less severe than full mania)

35
Q

What is the lifetime prevalence of Bipolar Disorder in North America, + which gender is it more common in?

A

1%

Equally common in both genders

36
Q

Define Seasonal Affective Disorder + what affects the onset of it?

A

Type of depression that follows a seasonal pattern (Typically winter). Onset related to melatonin production + circadian rhythms.

37
Q

Define Postpartum Depression

A

Type of depression that may occur after childbirth

38
Q

What is the prevalence of Postpartum Depression?

A

10-20%

39
Q

List the 7 Etiology Factors for Mood Disorders

A

Genetic Vulnerability, neurochemical factors, hormonal factors, cognitive factors, interpersonal roots, concussions , precipitating stress

40
Q

What neurochemical factor can cause mood disorders (Etiology)

A

Norepinephrine + serotonin levels

41
Q

What hormonal factors can be a cause of mood disorders (Etiology)

A

Elevated levels of cortisol

42
Q

What Cognitive Factors can be a cause of mood disorders (Etiology)

A

Pessimistic explanatory style

43
Q

What Iterpersonal Roots can be a cause of mood disorders (Etiology)

A

Poor social skills leading to scarcity of life’s reinforcers

44
Q

What are some symptoms of Schizophrenia

A

Delusions, hallucinations, deterioration of adaptive behaviour, disturbed emotions, irrational thought

45
Q

Define delusions vs hallucinations

A

Delusions; False beliefs that are clearly out of touch w/ reality
Hallucinations; Sensory perceptions that occur w/o real external stimulus

46
Q

List Positive Symptoms of Schizophrenia

A

Delusions of persecution, auditory hallucinations, delusions of being controlled, derailment of thoughts, delusions of grandeur, bizarre social + sexual behaviour, delusions of thought insertion, aggressive behaviour, incoherent thought

47
Q

List Negative Symptoms of Schizophrenia

A

Few friendship relationships, free recreational interests, Lack of persistence at school/work, impaired grooming or hygiene, paucity of expressive gestures, social inattentiveness, emotional non-responsiveness, inappropriate emotion, poverty of speech

48
Q

List the 6 Causes of Schizophrenia (Etiology)

A

Genetic Vulnerability, Neurochemical Factors, Structural Abnormalities of the brain, Neurodevelopmental hypothesis, expressed emotion, precipitating stress

49
Q

What is the Neurochemical factor that is a cause of Schizophrenia

A

Dopamine Hypothesis

50
Q

What are the 2 structural abnormalities of the brain that are a cause of Schizophrenia

A

Enlarged ventricles, and reductions in grey + white matter

51
Q

What is the Neurodevelopmental hypothesis that is a cause of Schizophrenia

A

Disruptions to maturational processes of brain before/ at birth

52
Q

How is expressed emotion a cause of Schizophrenia

A

The degree to which a relative of a schizophrenic patient displays highly critical/ emotionally overinvolved attitudes toward the patient. High expressed emotion from family increases relapse rate

53
Q

Define Personality Disorders

A

Class of disorders marked by extreme, inflexible personality traits that cause subjective distress or impaired social + occupational functioning

54
Q

When do personality disorders emerge

A

Adolescence/early adulthood

55
Q

What are the three clusters of Personality Disorders

A

Anxious/Fearful, Odd/Eccentric, Dramatic/Impulsive

56
Q

What are the symptoms of Antisocial Personality Disorder

A

Marked by impulsive, callous, manipulative, aggressive + irresponsible behaviour. Chronically exploit others, reject widely accepted social norms about morals, rarely experience genuine affection, sexually predatory + promiscuous, frustrated easily, seek immediate gratification

57
Q

What are the symptoms of Borderline Personality Disorder

A

Marked by instability in social relationships, self-image, + emotional functioning. Turbulent interpersonal relationships marked by fear of abandonment, poor control of emotions, prone to impulsive behaviour, unstable self-concept, increased risk for self-injurious behaviour

58
Q

What are the symptoms of Narcissistic Personality Disorder

A

Marked by grandiose sense of self-importance, entitlement, + an excessive need for attention + admiration. Believe that they are superior to others, seem self confident but are actually fragile, fish for compliments, believe they should get special treatment, complain that others do not acknowledge their accomplishments

59
Q

What are the 2 different Etiologies of Personality Disorders

A

Genetic vulnerability, environmental factors

60
Q

What is the etiology of Antisocial personality disorder

A

Dysfunctional family systems, erratic discipline, parental neglect

61
Q

What is the etiology of Borderline Personality Disorder

A

History of early trauma

62
Q

What type of disorder is Autism Spectrum Disorder

A

Neurodevelopmental Disorder

63
Q

What is Autism Spectrum Disorder characterized by + what age is it generally diagnosed by?

A

Social + emotional deficits (Lack of interest in people)
Repetitive + stereotypical behaviours, interests, activities.
Diagnosed by 3 years old.

64
Q

How many people with Autism Spectrum Disorder fail to develop speech

A

1/3 children

65
Q

What can trigger large tantrums in individuals with ATS

A

Minor changes in environment

66
Q

What are the etiologys of Autism Spectrum Disorder (2)

A

Genetic factors, and brain abnormalities (generalized brain enlargement). 67% more neurons in prefrontal cortex than typically developing children.

67
Q

What are the 2 different views about Psychological Disorders in Culture

A

Relativistic view; Criteria for mental illness vary greatly across cultures.
Pancultural View; Basic standards of normalities + abnormality are universal across cultures

68
Q

General ideas within the Relativistic view (2)

A

1) Culture-bound disorders (ex. Anorexia nervosa)

2) More apparent in less severe forms of mental illness (ex. generalized anxiety, narcissistic personality disorder)

69
Q

General Ideas within the pancultural view (1)

A

More apparent in more severe forms of mental illness. (Ex. schizophrenia, depression, bipolar disorder

70
Q

What is the statistical prevalence of mental disorders in jails and prisons

A
  • Psychotic Disorders; Up to 10%
  • More Moderate Mental Disorders; Up to 40%
  • Substance Abuse + Personality Disorders; Up to 90%
71
Q

What is the Fitness to Stand Trial Assessment + when is it most commonly used

A

Most commonly conducted criminal forensic assessment.

Assesses current mental state

72
Q

What are the requirements to use the Fitness to Stand Trial Assessment

A

Presence of mental disorder is necessary but will only lead to finding of unfitness if it impairs 1 of the following;

1) Ability to understand nature or object of proceedings
2) Ability to understand the possible consequences of proceedings
3) Ability to communicate w/ counsel

73
Q

When can the accused not be found criminally responsible

A

If mens rea (criminal intent) is not present. (Mental disorders may negate mens rea)

74
Q

Define Not Criminally Responsible on Account of Mental Disorder (NCRMD)

A

Mental disorder has resulted in inability to form intention to commit crime or inability to appreciate that crime was wrong

Psych 102 Ch 8 & 9 (5 decks)

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