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Psych 102 Ch 8 & 9 > Ch 13 - Social Behaviour > Flashcards

Ch 13 - Social Behaviour Flashcards

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1
Q

Define Social Psychology

A

Concerned w/ how an individuals thoughts, feelings & behaviours are influenced by others

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2
Q

Describe what characteristics physically attractive people are more likely to be associated w/. (Person Perception)

A
  • Sociable, friendly, well-adjusted
  • Agreeable, extraverted,conscientious, open to experience, + emotionally stable
  • Competent
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3
Q

What traits can people accurately draw inferences about based on perception of physical appearance?

A
  • sexual orientation
  • Racial prejudice
  • Social status
  • Intelligence
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4
Q

What are the two cognitive schemas in person perception?

A

Social schema and self-schema

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5
Q

Define Social Schema?

A

Organized clusters of ideas about categories of social events + people (Ex. dates, family reunions, CEOs)

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6
Q

Define Self Schema?

A

Integrated set of memories, beliefs, generalizations about one’s own behaviour

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7
Q

Define Stereotype?

A

Widely held beliefs, often automatic, that people have certain characteristics b/c of their membership in a particular group (Ex, Gender, age, ethnicity, occupational)

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8
Q

Problem w/ stereotypes?

A

Broad overgeneralization that ignore diversity within social groups.

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9
Q

Define Confirmation Bias

A

We see what we expect to see

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10
Q

Define Illusionary Correlation

A

Perceiving a relationship b/w variables even when no relationship exists.

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11
Q

Describe the Evolutionary Perspective of Person Perception

A

People are programmed to immediately identify people as members of an in-group or outgroup

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12
Q

Define Internal Attributions

A

Ascribe causes of behaviour to personal dispositions, traits, feelings, abilities

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13
Q

Define External Attributions

A

Ascribe cause of behaviour to situational demands + environmental constraints

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14
Q

List the four categories and their relationship to Stability and the Internal-External Dimension in Attribution Processes

A

1) Effort, Mood, Fatigue [Unstable Cause (temporary), Internal Cause]
2) Ability, Intelligence [Stable Cause (permanent), Internal Cause]
3) Luck, Chance, Opportunity [Unstable Cause, External Cause]
4) Task Difficulty [Stable Cause, External Cause]

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15
Q

Define the Fundamental Attribution Error (Attribution Processes)

A

Favour internal attributions in explaining others’ behaviours

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16
Q

Define Actor-Observer Bias (Attribution Processes)

A

Actors favour external attributions for their behaviour.

Observers explain same behaviour w/ internal attributions.

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17
Q

Define Self-Serving Bias (Attribution Processes)

A

Tendency to attribute one’s own successes to personal factors + ones failures to situational factors.

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18
Q

Define Defensive Attribution (Attribution Processes)

A

Tendency to blame victims for their misfortunes so that one feels less likely to be victimized in a similar way.

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19
Q

Describe the Difference b/w Individualism and Collectivism (Culture + Attribution Processes)

A

Individualism; Defining ones personality in terms of personal attributes. (Self-serving bias is more prevalent)

Collectivism; Defining one’s identity in terms of the group one belongs to. (Less susceptible to fundamental attribution error)

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20
Q

List 3 key factors in attraction

A

-Physical attractiveness (Matching hypothesis; males + females of approximately equal attractiveness select each other as partners)
-Similarity effects
Reciprocity effects (We like those who show that they like us)

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21
Q

Describe Hatfield + Berscheid’s Perspective on Love

A

Passionate Love vs Companionate Love
Passionate; Complete absorption in another including tender sexual feelings + intense emotions
Companionate; Warm, trusting, tolerant affection for another whose life is deeply intertwined w/ one’s own

22
Q

Describe Sternberg’s Perspective on Love

A

Intimacy vs Commitment
Intimacy; Warmth, closeness, + sharing in a relationship
Commitment; Intent to maintain relation in spite of difficulties

23
Q

Describe how Attachment Styles in Adults affect Close Relationships (Hazan + Shaver)

A

Secure Adults; Easy to get close to others. Trusting relationships.

Anxious-Ambivalent Adults; Expectations of rejection. Volatile, jealous relationships.

Avoidant Adults; Difficult to get close to others. Relationships lack intimacy + trust.

24
Q

Describe the Ideas about Close Relationships + Culture

A
  • Some similarities b/w what people seek for in mates (Ex. Intelligence, mutual attraction, kindness)
  • Some differences about thoughts on passionate love (Collectivist cultures consider what others will think, individualistic cultures focus more on how it makes them feel)
25
Q

Describe Close Relationships + The Internet

A
  • Virtual relationships may be just as intimate as in person relationships
  • Social media may increase/decrease connectedness and decrease well-being
26
Q

Describe 2 Ideas about Relationships in Evolutionary Perspective

A
  • Facial Symmetry

- Waist-to-hip ratio

27
Q

List + Describe the 3 Components of Attitudes

A
  • Cognitive Component; Beliefs people hold about object of thought
  • Affective Component; emotional feelings stimulated by object of thought
  • Behavioural Component; predispositions to act in certain ways toward object of thought
28
Q

List + Describe 3 Dimensions of Attitudes

A
  • Strength; Attitudes resistant to change that impact behaviour
  • Accessibility; Attitudes that are quickly + easily accessible
  • Ambivalence; Attitudes that are conflicted + pliable
29
Q

Difference between Explicit and Implicit Attitudes

A

Explicit; Conscious attitudes that we can readily describe

Implicit; Covert attitudes expressed in subtle automatic responses over which we have little conscious control

30
Q

Describe the Source Factors in Changing Attitudes

A

Credibility, expertise, trustworthiness, likability, attractiveness, similarity

31
Q

Describe the Message Factors in Changing Attitudes

A

Fear appeal vs logic, one-sided vs two-sided argument. number of strong or weak arguments, repetition

32
Q

Describe the Channel Factors in Changing Attitudes

A

In person, on tv, on radio, via audiotape, via computer

33
Q

Describe the Receiver Factors in Changing Attitudes

A

Personality, expectations, strength of pre-existing attitudes, prior knowledge of the issues

34
Q

Describe the Learning Theory (Attitude Formation + Change)

A
  • Classical conditioning; Pair products w/ stimuli that elicit pleasant emotional responses
  • Operant Conditioning; Attitudes are strengthened by positive reinforcers + weakened by negative reinforcers
  • Observational Learning; Peoples attitudes are swayed by opinions of others
35
Q

Describe the Dissonance Theory (Attitude Formation + Change)

A

Cognitive Dissonance; Related cognitions are inconsistent

  • Creates unpleasant state of internal tension
  • Motivates people to reduce dissonance by altering cognitions
36
Q

Describe the Self-Perception Theory (Attitude Formation + Change)

A

Originally thought that attitudes determine behaviour, now believe that behaviour determines attitude

37
Q

Describe the Elaboration Likelihood Model (Attitude Formation + Change)

A

Central route; Persuasion based on content + logic of the message > High Elaboration (Careful processing of the info) > More durable attitude change

Peripheral Route; Persuasion based on non-message factors (Attractiveness, credibility, emotion) > Low elaboration (Minimal processing of the info) > Less durable attitude change

38
Q

Define Conformity

A

People yield to real or imagined social pressure (Can depend on group size or group unanimity)

39
Q

List + describe 2 reasons why people conform

A

Normative Influence; People conform for fear of negative social consequences

Informational Influence; People look to others for guidance on how to behave

40
Q

Is conformity more relevant in individualistic or collectivist cultures?

A

More in collectivist

41
Q

Define Obedience

A

Follow direct commands from someone in authority

42
Q

Define Social Roles

A

Widely shared expectations about how people in certain positions are supposed to behave

43
Q

List 2 things that can affect conformity + obedience.

A
  • Situational factors

- Social roles

44
Q

Define Group

A

2+ individuals who interact + are interdependent

45
Q

Describe the Bystander Effect

A

People are less likely to provide help when in groups than when alone

46
Q

Who conducted experiments on the bystander effect + what did they observe?

A
  • Darley + Latane

- Observed diffusion of responsibility

47
Q

What happens to individual productivity in groups + why?

A

Reduced individual productivity due to;

  • Reduced efficiency
  • Social Loafing
48
Q

Define Self Loafing + when it occurs/becomes less likely?

A

Social Loafing; Reduction in effort of individuals when working in groups

  • Occurs when individual contributions are less recognized
  • Less likely when individual contributions are identifiable
  • Reduced in smaller + more cohesive groups
  • Less prevalent in collectivist cultures
49
Q

List the two things that affect group decision making

A

Group polarization + groupthink

50
Q

Define Group Polarization

A

Shift towards more extreme position resulting from group discussion

51
Q

Define Groupthink + what it does

A

Members of cohesive group emphasize agreement at expense of critical thinking

  • Reduces effective decision making
  • Promotes incomplete gathering of info
  • Group cohesiveness may influence groupthink

Psych 102 Ch 8 & 9 (5 decks)

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