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Psych 102 Ch 8 & 9 > CH 8 > Flashcards

CH 8 Flashcards

Language and Thought

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1
Q

What are 4 common properties of human language?

A
  • Symbolic
  • Semantic
  • Generative
  • Structured
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2
Q

Describe Symbolic language property

A

spoken and written words to represent objective, actions, events, and ideas

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3
Q

Describe Semantic language property

A

meaning behind language

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4
Q

Describe Generative language property

A

can combine symbols to create infinite number of messages

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5
Q

Describe Structured language property

A

rules control arrangement of words into phrases and sentences

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6
Q

How is language a fundamental human behavior?

A

some say that its the division between humans and animals

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7
Q

What is the smallest unit of speech?

A

PHONEME:

  • alone has no meaning but put together to make a word
  • “the” has 2 (th uh)
  • “strangers” has 10 (s t r a n g uh r s)
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8
Q

What is the 2nd smallest unit of speech? (one larger than phoneme)

A

MORPHEME:

  • smallest unit of meaning
  • “strangers” has 3
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9
Q

What are the 2 units of Structure?

A

Semantics and Syntax

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10
Q

Describe Semantics

A
  • meaning of word and combos
  • Denotation (dictionary meaning)
  • connotation (emotional overtones and secondary implications)
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11
Q

Describe Syntax

A
  • system of rules specifying how words can be arranged into sentences
  • example sentences must have a subject word
  • what goes first, noun or verb- language dependant
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12
Q

Language Development Milestones:

1-6 months

A

1-6 months:

  • vocalizing with crying, cooing, laughing
  • only babies between 3-12 months can take any phoneme from any language in the world, but ability lost
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13
Q

Language Development Milestones:

6-18 months

A

6-18 months:

  • babbling (lalala mama)
  • monumental development in babies- even found in deaf babies in the form of physical signing
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14
Q

Language Development Milestones:

10-13 months

A

10-13 months:

- first words (mama, dada, nana etc built from phonemes that babies babble

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15
Q

Language Development Milestones:

12-18 months

A

12-18 months:

  • vocabulary slowly grows
  • understand more than they can say
  • early words often actions or things they see
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16
Q

Language Development Milestones:

18-24 months

A

18-24 months:

  • vocabulary spurts
  • some may learn up to 20 new words per week
  • fast-mapping is common now
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17
Q

What is fast mapping

A

take meaning and word and connect after even one exposure. see doll, know doll concept after 1 exposure

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18
Q

Language Development Milestones:

End of 2nd year

A

end of 2nd year:

  • combine words into sentences
  • early sentences emit extra words and are usually content words not carriers
  • “give toys” vs “please give me the toy”
  • telegraphic speech- only in English really
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19
Q

Language Development Milestones:

3rd year

A

3rd year:

- complex ideas are formed

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20
Q

Language Development Milestones:

5th + year

A

5th + year:

  • metalinguistic language
  • use puns, sarcasm, jokes as they gain knowledge skills
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21
Q

Language Development Milestones factors

A
  • control of tongue and air
  • size of oral cavity
  • connecting neurons to brain
  • easiest to learn new languages when very young, harder more you age
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22
Q

What are the 3 Child Language Errors?

A
  • Overextension
  • Underextension
  • Overregularization
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23
Q

Describe Overextension with example

A
  • incorrectly using words to describe wider set of objects/actions than they are meant to
  • all animals = doggy
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24
Q

Describe Underextension with example

A
  • incorrectly using words to describe narrower set of objects
  • only rose is called a flower, no other type
  • often when learning new words
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25
Q

Describe Overregularization with example

A
  • incorrectly generalize grammatical rules to cases where they don’t apply
  • he eated my lunch
  • all languages have this
  • occurs most when learning grammar
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26
Q

Language Acquisition: Behaviorist Theory

A
  • skinner
  • children learn language thru imitation and reinforcement
  • when vocalization not reinforces, declines in frequency
  • when people can understand kids statements and respond, reinforces verbal behavior
  • gain language skills by imitating adult sentences, reinforced by answer
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27
Q

Language Acquisition:

Nativist Theory

A
  • Chomsky
  • cant be skinners veriosn because no one says goed to the store etc
  • children learn rules of language
  • Language Acquisition Device
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28
Q

What is the Language Acquisition Device (LAD)

A

LAD= Chomsky’s explanation for learning language

  • different brain structures and neurons to prepare humans to learn languages
  • argument for it is the baby ability to recognize all phonemes internationally before language picked/taught
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29
Q

Language Acquisition:

Interactionist Theory

A
  • biology and experience are important to language development
30
Q

Language Acquisition:

Cognitive Theory

A
  • language develop= important aspect of cognitive development
  • depends on both maturation and experience
31
Q

Language Acquisition:

Social Communication Theory

A
  • interpersonal communication has functional value
  • social context in which language evolves
  • says there is a reason we talk high pitched and simply with babies
32
Q

What are the 2 language brain areas?

A

Wernicke’s area, Broca’s area

  • where it is located depends on where dominant hemisphere is
    • right handed = areas in left hemisphere
33
Q

Describe Wernicke’s Area

A

helps speech processing and understanding language

34
Q

Describe Broca’s Area

A

helps producing coherent speech

35
Q

Linguistic Relativity

A
  • hypothesis that one’s language determines the nature of one’s thoughts
  • research shows some support for idea of linguistic relativity
36
Q

What is Benjamin Whorf’s advocate?

A
  • linguistic relativity support by saying inuit has 3 words for snow and english has 1- shapes how we see world
  • critiqued for ignoring and over estimating different factors
37
Q

What is Bilingualism?

A

acquisition of 2 languages

38
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of Bilingualism

A

Adv:
- greater vocab (combo both languages greater than or equal to 1 vocab)
-cog adv
– more focus
– better social skills
– helps delay the onset of dementia (by 4 yrs)
Dis: very few and are outweighed by advantage

39
Q

Do animals have language?

A
  • animals dont have the same vocal apparatuses to acquire human speech
  • some species can learn ASL
  • some species exhibit behaviors of language within species
  • ability to primitively use language not unique to humans but no comparison b/w humans & animals
40
Q

Do chimps actually learn ASL?

A
  • might learn might imitate- do they acquire language skills
  • learn grammar rules
  • training the animals
  • Sue Savage-Rumbaugh & Kanzi
    • kanzi able to do 72% of 660 novel actions
    • formed own sentences form 100+ words taught
41
Q

Evolutionary Explanations of Language

A
  • being able to communicate helps save time and risk if you can pass along info to others
  • language may have evolved to
    • build and maintain social groups
    • aid hunting and gathering, fighting, mating
    • avoid predators and poisons
42
Q

Language and Visual Input

A
  • visual input influences interpretation of auditory input
  • McGurk effect
  • children with autism spectrum disorder not subject to McGurk effect
    • due to abnormal processing of facial cues?
43
Q

What is problem solving

A
  • active efforts to discover what must be done to achieve a goal that is not readily available
  • must go beyond given information
44
Q

What are the 3 types of problems?

A

1- Problems of inducing structure
2- problems of arrangements
3- problems of transformation

45
Q

Describe Problems of Inducing structure

A
  • analogy (lawyer-client = doctor - ____)

- series of completion (ABMCDM__)

46
Q

Describe Problems of Arrangements

A
  • string problem (2 strings hung on ceiling, wider than persons span, some tools, how to attach?)
  • anagram (NCOAE= OCEAN)
  • insight found from failure
47
Q

Describe Problems of Transformation

A
  • water jar problem (21 cup jug, 127 cup jug, 3 cup jar, discard as much water as wanted measure out exactly 100 cups)
48
Q

what are the 4 barriers of problem solving

A

1- irrelevant info
2- functional fixedness
3- mental set
4- unnecessary constraints

49
Q

Describe Irrelevant Information

A

ex: in family, 5 brothers that each have 1 sister, plus mom how many females in house? 2)
- # of brothers is irrelevant
- people often incorrectly assume all numerical info in a problem will be needed to solve
- must be able to distinguish relevant and irrelevant info

50
Q

Describe Functional Fixedness

A
  • perceiving an item only in terms of its most common use

- must find a novel (creative) use for the object

51
Q

Describe Mental Set

A
  • persist in using problem solving strategies that have worked in the past
  • always attempt to pull on the door that looks the same, won’t try push, get stuck
  • not always bad, it may be inefficient to spend extra time searching for a differnt strategy
52
Q

Describe Unnecessary Constraints

A
  • self-imposed constraints not mentioned in the problem

ex: drawing outside the lines

53
Q

What are the 3 approaches to solving a problem?

A
  • trial and error
  • algorithms
  • heuristics
54
Q

What are the 4 parts of Heuristics?

A

1- forming sub-goals
2- searching for analogies
3- changing the representation of the problem
4- incubation effect

55
Q

Describe the forming sub-goals heuristic

A
  • immediate steps toward solution

- when you reach sub-goal, you’ve solved part of a problem

56
Q

Describe the searching for analogies heuristic

A
  • solution to previous problem can help solve current problem
  • can be a problem of a mental set if using the wrong solution
  • can be challenging and people often fail to see parallels
57
Q

describe the changing the representation of a problem heuristic

A
  • one cant solve a problem as you see it, try re-wording or drawing
  • time vs space example with the bird and trains
58
Q

describe the incubation effect heuristic

A
  • taking a break leads to new solution to previously unsolved problems
  • may occur because
    • people continue to work on problems unconsciously
    • mind wandering leads to new solutions
  • sometimes happens during sleep, unconscious thought solving
59
Q

describe culture and problem solving

A
  • different cultures have different approaches to problem solving
  • east asian cultures have a holistic cognitive style
  • – consistent with emphasis on group/community
  • western cultures have analytic cognitive style
  • – consistent on emphasis on individual
60
Q

Decision Making

A
  • probably make 100s of decisions a day but dont consciously think hmm im making a decision
  • evaluating alternatives and making choices among them
  • often involve choices about preferences
  • option are good until a certain point of being overwhelmed
  • involved in marketing as people may leave empty handed as too many options
  • deliberate decisions for simple choices, intuitive decisions for complex choices (go with gut can be good)
61
Q

Describe Risky Decision Making

A
  • making choices under conditions of uncertainty (ex: gambling odds are against you but try anyway)
  • replace objective value of outcome with subjective utility (is it worth it to you to gamble- fun social activity vs waste of money)
  • subjective probability (typically use heuristics)
62
Q

What are the 4 Heuristics in Decision Making

A

1- availability heuristic
2- representative heuristic
3- tendency to ignore base rates
4- conjunction fallacy

63
Q

Describe the Availability Heuristic of decision making

A
  • basing estimated probability of event on ease with which relevant examples come to mind
  • news article on shark attack, fear ocean swim
64
Q

Describe the Representative Heuristic of decision making

A
  • basing estimated probability of event on how similar it is to prototypical event
  • ex: flip coin 6 times, same chance H or T everytime
65
Q

Describe the Tendency to Ignore Base Rates heuristic of decision making

A
  • steve is shy and organized, passionate about detail, little interest n people or world, salesman or librarian
  • – say librarian but way more salesman in world so more likely to be a salesman- fits librarian stereotype
66
Q

Describe the Conjunction Fallacy heuristic of decision making

A
  • odds of 2 uncertain events happening together is greater than odds of either event happening alone
  • think more words ending in -ing than n but really the n is true
67
Q

What is Fast and Slow Thinking?

A
  • dual-process theory of decision making
  • System 1 (thinking fast)
  • – intuitive thinking
  • – quick, simple, automatic judgement
  • – heuristics and biases
  • System 2 (thinking slow)
  • – slower, effortful judgements
  • tying shoe is system 2 at first then becomes system 1
68
Q

what is the Gamblers Fallacy

A
  • something happens a few times in a row, third time wont happen again- not true, 50/50 chance everytime
  • random events dont take history into account
  • if event hasnt occured yet, has to happen soon, no correlation to last time
    ex: H x3, #4 must be T
69
Q

What is the Law of Small Numbers?

A

ex: testing on small group of people and taking 80% success doesn’t mean that 4 out of 5 people will respond the same way
- high chance of variability in larger numbers

70
Q

What is Confirmation Bias?

A
  • taking a few pieces of info that are related to the problem and adding on more support your decided solution
  • often ignore anything that goes against the original idea of solution
71
Q

What is Belief Perseverance?

A
  • hanging onto original belief even when contradictory info is shown
  • if you’re a big risk taker, you’ll be a great firefighter-proven wrong but still believe
  • seek info that supports and interpret info you find to support your ideas
  • “my study shows proof, its the best out there and 100% right, other saying proving wrong was conducted badly and not relevant realy…”
72
Q

What is the Framing Effect?

A
  • depending on how you frame a statement or event changes how people will react
    ex: drug results in 10% death (uh oh) vs results in 90% success (oh thats pretty good)

Psych 102 Ch 8 & 9 (5 decks)

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