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Year 12 Biology > Chapter 14: Speciation and Macroevolution > Flashcards

Chapter 14: Speciation and Macroevolution Flashcards

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1
Q

What is speciation?

A

The evolution of one or more new species from an ancestral species

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2
Q

What causes speciation and macroevolution?

A

Accumulation of microevolutionary changes over time

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3
Q

What are the mechanisms of isolation?

A

Geographic, reproductive, spatial and temporal

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4
Q

When do we know speciation has occurred?

A

When a single population becomes separate and cannot interbreed, this is called reproductive isolation

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5
Q

How does reproductive isolation limit breeding?

A

Different allele frequencies cause microevolutionary changes

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6
Q

How does reproductive isolation affect gene flow?

A

It stops it

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7
Q

What are the pre-reproductive isolating mechanisms?

A

Geological (separated by seas, mountains), temporal (time, breeding in different seasons or times of day), behavioural (different courtship patterns) and morphological (different reproduction structures)

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8
Q

What are the post-reproductive isolating mechanisms?

A

Gamete mortality (gametes do not survive), zygote mortality (zygotes do not survive) and hybrid sterility (adult offspring survive but are unable to reproduce)

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9
Q

What are the modes of speciation?

A

Allopatric, sympatric and parapatric

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10
Q

What is allopatric speciation?

A

Speciation that is due to physical or geographical isolation

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11
Q

What are geographical isolations?

A

Water, land, mountains, natural disasters, habitat fragmentation etc

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12
Q

What is habitat fragmentation?

A

A process in which habitats are lost resulting in the division of large habitat into smaller.

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13
Q

What causes habitat fragmentation?

A

Farming, mining, pollution, river floods

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14
Q

What does habitat fragmentation stop?

A

Gene flow

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15
Q

What is sympatric speciation?

A

Speciation occurs without physical or geographical isolation. it limits gene flow which can cause the evolution of a different species

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16
Q

What are sympatric isolation examples?

A

Feeding on different things, different mating patterns.

17
Q

What does sympatric isolation require?

A

a reporductive barrier

18
Q

What is parapatric speciation?

A

Occurs when species are separated by extreme change in habitat, they may still interbreed at border

19
Q

How does parapatric speciation occur?

A

Species more to outer borders where they are better adapted (allele traits favoured). Gene flow will still continue on border creating a hybrid zone

20
Q

What are the four patterns of evolution?

A

Divergent, convergent, parallel and co-evolution

21
Q

What is divergent evolution?

A

The difference between groups of organisms lead to a critical point where they diverge to two separate species (can be caused by isolation). Page 266 Figure 14.4.1

22
Q

What is convergent evoultion?

A

A process where unrelated organisms evolve similar adaptations caused by environmental pressures. Page 266 Figure 14.4.1

23
Q

What is parallel evolution?

A

A process where unrelated organisms evolve similar adaptations in response to environmental factors. Page 266 Figure 14.4.1

24
Q

What is co-evolution?

A

A process where an evolutionary change in one species influences an evolutionary change in the other. (e.g. predator and prey relationship)

25
Q

What are the two factors which can cause and extinction?

A

Competition between species or environmental factors

26
Q

How do environmental factors lead to extinction?

A

Species that cannot evolve to survive are replaced by ones that can

27
Q

How does low genetic diversity affect species extinction?

A

Smaller gene pools are more prone as they are less resilient as they have less alleles. They are unable to evolve due to their limited alleles

28
Q

What happens when a population with low genetic diversity is exposed to harsh environmental factors?

A

They are unable to evolve due to their low allele frequency and become extinct

Year 12 Biology (14 decks)

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