Chapter 11: Biotechnology Flashcards

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1
Q

What is DNA ligase?

A

An enzyme used to catalyse the bond between two pieces of DNA

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2
Q

What is the cutting tool used for DNA cutting?

A

Restriction enzymes

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3
Q

How are restriction enzymes named?

A

From the bacteria, they are derived

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4
Q

What are restriction fragments?

A

Smaller pieces of DNA cut by restriction enzymes at restriction sites

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5
Q

What are the cuts restriction enzymes can make?

A

sticky ends or blunt ends - figure 11.1.3

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6
Q

What are the steps in recombination DNA?

A

Isolating the DNA, cutting of DNA, DNA ligase joins segments and transformation

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7
Q

How is DNA isolated?

A

Plasmids are extracted by rupturing the cell membrane and walls. The DNA is isolated

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8
Q

How is DNA cut?

A

Restriction enzymes are used to cut plasmid DNA

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9
Q

How is DNA joined?

A

Plasmid vectors and DNA of interest are mixed together and their sticky ends. They must have complementary sticky ends and DNA ligase joins the two to form recombination plasmids

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10
Q

How does transformation occur?

A

Recombination plasmids are taken up by Bacteria and as they replicate so does the plasmid. This generates numerous copies.

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11
Q

What is the purpose of a polymerase chain reaction?

A

To make millions of copies of a piece of DNA

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12
Q

What is the purpose of gel electrophoresis?

A

To separate fragments of DNA.

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13
Q

What is gel electrophoresis used for?

A

Biotechnology, forensics, medical disorders or genes associated with particular illnesses.

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14
Q

What are the applications of DNA sequencing to map species’ genomes?

A

Medical diagnosis (cancer) and metagenomics (genetic material recovered from environmental samples)

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15
Q

What are the applications of DNA profiling?

A

Non-criminal identification (paternal or maternal test), forensic (criminal cases), identification of plants and animals and reproductive strategies of animals

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