Chapter 14 Review Questions Flashcards
name the 6 major regions of the brain
cerebrum
cerebellum
diencephalon
midbrain
pons
medulla oblongata
what brain regions make up the brain stem?
midbrain
pons
medulla oblongata
Which primary brain vesicle is destined to form the cerebellum, pons, and medulla oblongata?
rhombencephalon
from superficial to deep, name the layers that make up the cranial meninges
dura mater (2 layers)
arachnoid mater
pia mater
what would happen if the normal circulation or reabsorption of CSF were blocked?
CSF would continue to be produced at the choroid plexus in each ventricle, but the fluid would accumulate there, causing the ventricles to swell. a condition known as hydrocephalus
how would decreased diffusion across the arachnoid granulations affect the volume of CSF in the ventricles?
less CSF would reenter the bloodstream, and CSF would accumulate in the ventricles. This increased pressure in the ventricles could damage the brain
many water soluble molecules that are abundant in the blood occur in small amounts or not at all in the extracellular fluid of the brain.
Why?
the BBB regulates the movement of such molecules from the blood to the extracellular fluid of the brain
the medulla oblongata is one of the smallest sections of the brain, yet damage there can cause death, whereas similar damage in the cerebrum might go unnoticed.
why?
damage to the medulla oblongata can be lethal because it contains many vital autonomic reflex centers including those that control breathing and regulate heart rate and blood pressure
name the main components of the diencephalon
epithalamus
thalamus
hypothalamus
damage to the lateral geniculate nuclei would interfere with the functions of which special sense?
sense of sight
which component of the diencephalon is stimulated by changes in body temperature?
hypothalamus – preoptic area communicates with vasomotor center
What are the primary functions of the limbic system?
processing memories, creating emotional states, drives, and associated behaviors
Damage to the amygdaloid body would interfere with regulation of what division of the ANS?
sympathetic – fight or flight
what is the name of the fibers carrying information between the brain and spinal cord, and through which brain regions would they pass?
projection fibers. pass through the diencephalon, brain stem ,and cerebellum
what symptoms would you expect to observe in a person who has damaged basal nuclei?
decreased muscle tone and the loss of coordination of learned movement patterns
a patient suffers a head injury that damages her primary motor cortex. where is this area located?
in the precentral gyrus of the frontal lobe of the cerebrum
which senses would be affected by damage to the temporal lobe of the cerebrum?
smell (olfactory) and auditory (sound) impulses
after suffering a stroke, a patient is unable to speak.
he can understand what is said to him, and he can understand written messages, but he cannot express himself verbally. which part of his brain has been affected by the stroke
the stroke has damaged the speech center, located in the frontal lobe
a patient is having a difficult time remembering facts and recalling long term memories. which part of his cerebrum is probably involved?
the temporal lobe, specifically the hippocampus and amygdaloid body.
his problem may also involve other parts of the limbic system
the term “higher brain centers” refers to those areas of the brain involved in higher order functions. these centers would probably include nuclei, centers, and cortical areas of………
the cerebrum, cerebellum, and diencephalon
what is the site of CSF production?
choroid plexus
the pons contains………
tracts that link the cerebellum with the brain stem
what is the dural fold that divides the 2 cerebellar hemispheres?
the falx cerebelli
CSF is produced and secreted by that cells?
ependymal cells
what is the primary purpose of the BBB
isolate neural tissue in the CNS from general circulation
what is the name of the centers in the pons that modify the activity of respiratory rhythmicity centers in the medulla oblongata?
apneustic and pneumotaxic centers
what is the final relay portion for ascending sensory information that will be projected to the primary sensory cortex?
thalamus
the establishment of emotional states is the function of….
the limbic system
the coordination of learned movement patterns at the subconscious level is performed by….
the cerebellum
true or false:
the 2 cerebral hemispheres are functionally different, even though anatomically they appear the same
true
what are 3 important functions of the CSF?
-cushioning delicate neural structures
-supporting the brain
-transporting nutrients, chemical messengers, and waste products
which 3 areas in the brain are NOT isolated from general circulation by the blood brain barrier?
- portions of the hypothalamus where the capillary endothelium is extremely permeable
- capillaries in the pineal gland
- capillaries at the choroid plexus
what are cranial reflexes?
monosynaptic and postsynaptic reflex arcs that involve sensory and motor fibers of cranial nerves
cranial reflex testing is often used to assess damage to cranial nerves or to associated processing centers in the brain
list the names of the 12 pairs of cranial nerves
olfactory
optic
oculomotor
trochlear
trigeminal
abducens
facial
vestibulocochlear
glossopharyngeal
vagus
accessory
hypoglossal
why can the brain respond to stimuli with greater versatility than the spinal cord?
because the brain contains many more interneurons, pathways, and connections than the tracts of the spinal cord
briefly summarize the overall function of the cerebellum
the cerebellum adjust voluntary and involuntary motor activities based on sensory information and stored memories of previous experiences (repeating actions over and over, maintain balance and posture)
what are the only cranial nerves attached to the cerebrum?
olfactory
if symptoms characteristic of parkinson’s disease appear, which part of the midbrain is inhibited from secreting a neurotransmitter? which neurotransmitter is it?
in parkinson’s, the substantia nigra is prohibited from secreting the neurotransmitter dopamine, at the basal nuclei
what varied roles does the hypothalamus play in the body?
- subconscious control of skeletal muscle contractions
- control of autonomic functions
- coordination of nervous and endocrine systems
- secretion of hormones
- production of emotion and drives
- coordination of autonomic and voluntary functions
- regulation of body temp
- control of circadian rhythm
stimulation of which part of the brain would produce sensations of hunger and thirst?
stimulation of the feeding and thirst centers in the hypothalamus
a nucleus resembles a seahorse and appears to be important in the storage and retrieval of long term memories — what is it and in which functional system of the brain is it located?
the hippocampus which is part of the limbic system
what are the principal functional differences between the left and right hemispheres of the cerebrum?
left hemisphere = reading, writing, speaking (language based skills), analytical tasks and logical decision making
right hemisphere = analyze sensory information and relate the body yo the sensory environment.
interpretive centers in the hemisphere permit the identification of familiar objects by TOUCH, SMELL, SIGHT, TASTE, or FEEL. also in analyzing 3 dimensional relationships and analyzing the emotional context of a conversation
damage to the vestibular nucleus would lead to…
difficulty in maintaining balance
a cerebrovascular accident occurs when…
the blood supply to a portion of the brain is cut off
what kind of problems are associated with the presence of lesions in the Wernicke’s area and the Broca’s area?
Wernicke’s area = sensory, general interpretive area. this would produce defective visual and auditory comprehension of language, repetition of spoken sentences, and defecting naming of objects
Broca’s area is a motor area - the speech center - this would result in hesitant and dostorted speech
what cranial nerve innervates the nasal mucosa?
cranial nerve V - trigeminal nerve via the maxillary branch
what can bring back consciousness?
when the neurons of the reticular activating system become excited
what brain structure are cop’s looking for a flaw in when they make you walk the straight line test?
the cerebellum — responsible for maintaining balance and anticipating the speed and range of limb movement
why is meningitis life threatening
inflammation of the meninges. increasing pressure in the cranium could compress important blood vessels.
pressure on the brain stem could disrupt vital cardiovascular, respiratory, and vasomotor functions and possibly cause death.
pressure on the motor nuclei of the cranial nerves coudl lead to drooping eyelids and dilated pupils.
pressure on descending motor tracts could impair muscle function and decrease muscel tone
shaken baby syndrome results from damage to which part of the brain?
(mental redardation, speech and learning disabilities, paralysis, seizures, hearing loss and death)
cerebral hemispheres due to contact between the brain and inside of the skull.
damage and distortion of the brain stem and medulla oblongata can cause death
