Chapter 14 Review Questions

Question 1

name the 6 major regions of the brain

Answer 1

cerebrum
cerebellum
diencephalon
midbrain
pons
medulla oblongata

Question 2

what brain regions make up the brain stem?

Answer 2

midbrain
pons
medulla oblongata

Question 3

Which primary brain vesicle is destined to form the cerebellum, pons, and medulla oblongata?

Answer 3

rhombencephalon

Question 4

from superficial to deep, name the layers that make up the cranial meninges

Answer 4

dura mater (2 layers)
arachnoid mater
pia mater

Question 5

what would happen if the normal circulation or reabsorption of CSF were blocked?

Answer 5

CSF would continue to be produced at the choroid plexus in each ventricle, but the fluid would accumulate there, causing the ventricles to swell. a condition known as hydrocephalus

Question 6

how would decreased diffusion across the arachnoid granulations affect the volume of CSF in the ventricles?

Answer 6

less CSF would reenter the bloodstream, and CSF would accumulate in the ventricles. This increased pressure in the ventricles could damage the brain

Question 7

many water soluble molecules that are abundant in the blood occur in small amounts or not at all in the extracellular fluid of the brain.
Why?

Answer 7

the BBB regulates the movement of such molecules from the blood to the extracellular fluid of the brain

Question 8

the medulla oblongata is one of the smallest sections of the brain, yet damage there can cause death, whereas similar damage in the cerebrum might go unnoticed.
why?

Answer 8

damage to the medulla oblongata can be lethal because it contains many vital autonomic reflex centers including those that control breathing and regulate heart rate and blood pressure

Question 9

name the main components of the diencephalon

Answer 9

epithalamus
thalamus
hypothalamus

Question 10

damage to the lateral geniculate nuclei would interfere with the functions of which special sense?

Answer 10

sense of sight

Question 11

which component of the diencephalon is stimulated by changes in body temperature?

Answer 11

hypothalamus – preoptic area communicates with vasomotor center

Question 12

What are the primary functions of the limbic system?

Answer 12

processing memories, creating emotional states, drives, and associated behaviors

Question 13

Damage to the amygdaloid body would interfere with regulation of what division of the ANS?

Answer 13

sympathetic – fight or flight

Question 14

what is the name of the fibers carrying information between the brain and spinal cord, and through which brain regions would they pass?

Answer 14

projection fibers. pass through the diencephalon, brain stem ,and cerebellum

Question 15

what symptoms would you expect to observe in a person who has damaged basal nuclei?

Answer 15

decreased muscle tone and the loss of coordination of learned movement patterns

Question 16

a patient suffers a head injury that damages her primary motor cortex. where is this area located?

Answer 16

in the precentral gyrus of the frontal lobe of the cerebrum

Question 17

which senses would be affected by damage to the temporal lobe of the cerebrum?

Answer 17

smell (olfactory) and auditory (sound) impulses

Question 18

after suffering a stroke, a patient is unable to speak.
he can understand what is said to him, and he can understand written messages, but he cannot express himself verbally. which part of his brain has been affected by the stroke

Answer 18

the stroke has damaged the speech center, located in the frontal lobe

Question 19

a patient is having a difficult time remembering facts and recalling long term memories. which part of his cerebrum is probably involved?

Answer 19

the temporal lobe, specifically the hippocampus and amygdaloid body.
his problem may also involve other parts of the limbic system

Question 20

the term “higher brain centers” refers to those areas of the brain involved in higher order functions. these centers would probably include nuclei, centers, and cortical areas of………

Answer 20

the cerebrum, cerebellum, and diencephalon

Question 21

what is the site of CSF production?

Answer 21

choroid plexus

Question 22

the pons contains………

Answer 22

tracts that link the cerebellum with the brain stem

Question 23

what is the dural fold that divides the 2 cerebellar hemispheres?

Answer 23

the falx cerebelli

Question 24

CSF is produced and secreted by that cells?

Answer 24

ependymal cells

Question 25

what is the primary purpose of the BBB

Answer 25

isolate neural tissue in the CNS from general circulation

Question 26

what is the name of the centers in the pons that modify the activity of respiratory rhythmicity centers in the medulla oblongata?

Answer 26

apneustic and pneumotaxic centers

Question 27

what is the final relay portion for ascending sensory information that will be projected to the primary sensory cortex?

Answer 27

thalamus

Question 28

the establishment of emotional states is the function of….

Answer 28

the limbic system

Question 29

the coordination of learned movement patterns at the subconscious level is performed by….

Answer 29

the cerebellum

Question 30

true or false:

the 2 cerebral hemispheres are functionally different, even though anatomically they appear the same

Answer 30

true

Question 31

what are 3 important functions of the CSF?

Answer 31

-cushioning delicate neural structures
-supporting the brain
-transporting nutrients, chemical messengers, and waste products

Question 32

which 3 areas in the brain are NOT isolated from general circulation by the blood brain barrier?

Answer 32

1. portions of the hypothalamus where the capillary endothelium is extremely permeable
2. capillaries in the pineal gland
3. capillaries at the choroid plexus

Question 33

what are cranial reflexes?

Answer 33

monosynaptic and postsynaptic reflex arcs that involve sensory and motor fibers of cranial nerves
cranial reflex testing is often used to assess damage to cranial nerves or to associated processing centers in the brain

Question 34

list the names of the 12 pairs of cranial nerves

Answer 34

olfactory
optic
oculomotor
trochlear
trigeminal
abducens
facial
vestibulocochlear
glossopharyngeal
vagus
accessory
hypoglossal

Question 35

why can the brain respond to stimuli with greater versatility than the spinal cord?

Answer 35

because the brain contains many more interneurons, pathways, and connections than the tracts of the spinal cord

Question 36

briefly summarize the overall function of the cerebellum

Answer 36

the cerebellum adjust voluntary and involuntary motor activities based on sensory information and stored memories of previous experiences (repeating actions over and over, maintain balance and posture)

Question 37

what are the only cranial nerves attached to the cerebrum?

Answer 37

olfactory

Question 38

if symptoms characteristic of parkinson’s disease appear, which part of the midbrain is inhibited from secreting a neurotransmitter? which neurotransmitter is it?

Answer 38

in parkinson’s, the substantia nigra is prohibited from secreting the neurotransmitter dopamine, at the basal nuclei

Question 39

what varied roles does the hypothalamus play in the body?

Answer 39

1. subconscious control of skeletal muscle contractions
2. control of autonomic functions
3. coordination of nervous and endocrine systems
4. secretion of hormones
5. production of emotion and drives
6. coordination of autonomic and voluntary functions
7. regulation of body temp
8. control of circadian rhythm

Question 40

stimulation of which part of the brain would produce sensations of hunger and thirst?

Answer 40

stimulation of the feeding and thirst centers in the hypothalamus

Question 41

a nucleus resembles a seahorse and appears to be important in the storage and retrieval of long term memories — what is it and in which functional system of the brain is it located?

Answer 41

the hippocampus which is part of the limbic system

Question 42

what are the principal functional differences between the left and right hemispheres of the cerebrum?

Answer 42

left hemisphere = reading, writing, speaking (language based skills), analytical tasks and logical decision making

right hemisphere = analyze sensory information and relate the body yo the sensory environment.
interpretive centers in the hemisphere permit the identification of familiar objects by TOUCH, SMELL, SIGHT, TASTE, or FEEL. also in analyzing 3 dimensional relationships and analyzing the emotional context of a conversation

Question 43

damage to the vestibular nucleus would lead to…

Answer 43

difficulty in maintaining balance

Question 44

a cerebrovascular accident occurs when…

Answer 44

the blood supply to a portion of the brain is cut off

Question 45

what kind of problems are associated with the presence of lesions in the Wernicke’s area and the Broca’s area?

Answer 45

Wernicke’s area = sensory, general interpretive area. this would produce defective visual and auditory comprehension of language, repetition of spoken sentences, and defecting naming of objects

Broca’s area is a motor area - the speech center - this would result in hesitant and dostorted speech

Question 46

what cranial nerve innervates the nasal mucosa?

Answer 46

cranial nerve V - trigeminal nerve via the maxillary branch

Question 47

what can bring back consciousness?

Answer 47

when the neurons of the reticular activating system become excited

Question 48

what brain structure are cop’s looking for a flaw in when they make you walk the straight line test?

Answer 48

the cerebellum — responsible for maintaining balance and anticipating the speed and range of limb movement

Question 49

why is meningitis life threatening

Answer 49

inflammation of the meninges. increasing pressure in the cranium could compress important blood vessels.
pressure on the brain stem could disrupt vital cardiovascular, respiratory, and vasomotor functions and possibly cause death.

pressure on the motor nuclei of the cranial nerves coudl lead to drooping eyelids and dilated pupils.

pressure on descending motor tracts could impair muscle function and decrease muscel tone

Question 50

shaken baby syndrome results from damage to which part of the brain?
(mental redardation, speech and learning disabilities, paralysis, seizures, hearing loss and death)

Answer 50

cerebral hemispheres due to contact between the brain and inside of the skull.

damage and distortion of the brain stem and medulla oblongata can cause death