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AP II Exam 1 > Chapter 12 part 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 12 part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

each synaptic terminal is part of a _______

A

synapse

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2
Q

what is a synapse?

A

a specialized site where a neuron communicates with another cell

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3
Q

every synapse involves ____ cells:

A

2 CELLS

presynaptic cell – sends a message. INCLUDES the synaptic terminal

postsynaptic cell – receives the message

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4
Q

what separates the 2 cells involved in a synapse?

A

the synaptic cleft

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5
Q

in communication between 2 cells, the synaptic terminal of the ____ cell most commonly releases _____ into the ___

A

the synaptic terminal of the PRESYNAPTIC CELL releases chemicals called NEUROTRANSMITTERS into the SYNAPTIC CLEFT

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6
Q

neurotransmitter release is triggered by what?

A

electrical events, such as the arrival of an action potential

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7
Q

neurotransmitters released by the presynaptic cell flood the ___ and affect the activity of the ____

A

flood the SYNAPTIC CLEFT and affect the activity of the POSTSYNAPTIC CELL

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8
Q

The presynaptic cell is usually a ____

the postsynaptic cell is usually a ____

A

the presynaptic cell is usually a NEURON

the postsynaptic cell can either be a neuron or another type of cell

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9
Q

what is a neuromuscular junction?

A

a synapse between a neuron and a muscle cell

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10
Q

what is a secretory cell

A

a gland cell

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11
Q

what is the site called where a neuron controls or regulates the activity of a secretory cell?

A

a neuroglandular junction

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12
Q

do neurons only innervate secretory cells and muscles?

A

no – also a variety of other cells, such as adipocytes (fat cells)

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13
Q

does the structure of the synaptic terminal vary?

A

yes – varies with the type of postynaptic cell

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14
Q

a relatively simple, round synaptic terminal occurs when….

A

the postynaptic cell is another neuron

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15
Q

at a synapse, what separates the presynaptic membrane from the postsynaptic membrane?

A

the narrow synaptic cleft

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16
Q

neurotransmitters are released from the ______synaptic membrane

A

pre

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17
Q

the ____synaptic membrane bears receptors for neurotransmitters

A

postsynaptic

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18
Q

each synaptic terminal contains….

A

mitochondria, portions of the endoplasmic reticulum, and thousands of vesicles filled with neurotransmitter molecules

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19
Q

explain what a synaptic terminal does that improves efficiency

A

a synaptic terminal reabsorbs breakdown products of neurotransmitters formed at the synapse and reassembles them.

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20
Q

explain the supply of neurotransmitters to the synaptic terminal

A

the synaptic terminal receives a continuous supply of neurotransmitters synthesized in the cell body, along with enzymes and lysosomes

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21
Q

explain the travel of the materials previously mentioned (neurotransmitters, enzymes, and lysosomes) to the synaptic terminal

A

these materials come from the cell body (neurotransmitters are synthesized there) and travel along the length of the axon on NEUROTUBULES. they are pulled along by MOLECULAR MOTORS — kinesin and dynein – both are ATP dependent

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22
Q

the movement of materials between the cell body and synaptic terminals is called…..

A

axoplasmic transport

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23
Q

do vesicles containing neurotransmitters move fast or slow compared to vesicles with other materials?

A

vesicles containing neurotransmitters move FAST (called “fast stream” — 5-10mm per hour)

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24
Q

is axoplasmic transport unidirectional?

A

NO – it occurs in both directions

from the cell body to the synaptic terminal is called anterograde flow

substances moving TOWARD the cell body is termed retrograde flow

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25
in ANTEROGRADE flow, the substances are carried by ______
kinesin
26
in RETROGRADE FLOW, the substances are carried by ______
dynein
27
what happens if debris or unusual chemicals appear in the synaptic terminal?
retrograde flow delivers them to the cell body there, they may alter the activity of the cell by turning certain genes on or off
28
do kinesin and dynein require ATP?
YES
29
Name the STRUCTURAL classifications of neurons
anaxonic bipolar unipolar multipolar
30
describe the structural neuron anaxonic and where they are located
small. all the cell processes look alike (axons cannot be distinguished from dendrites) located in the brain and special sense organs
31
Describe a bipolar neuron and where they are located
bipolar neurons have 2 distinct processes --- one dendrite that branches into dendritic branches, and one axon. cell body is between the 2 they are in special sense organs where they relay information about sight, smell, or hearing from receptor cells to other neurons RARE
32
describe a unipolar neuron and where it is located
the dendrites and axon are CONTIUOUS with the cell body in the middle, but off to the side. where the dendrites converge is considered the initial segment. the rest of the length is considered to be an axon most sensory neurons of the peripheral nervous system are unipolar.
33
most sensory neurons of the PNS are _______
unipolar
34
the longest unipolar neurons carry sensations from ____ to _____
the tips of the toes to the spinal cord
35
explain multipolar neurons and where they are found
multipolar neurons have 2 or more dendrites and a single axon. MOST COMMON NEURONS IN THE CNS
36
what are the 2 longest structural neurons
multipolar and unipolar
37
what are the most common structural neurons in the CNS?
multipolar neurons
38
all the motor neurons that control skeletal muscles are __ neurons
multipolar
39
classify neurons by their function
-sensory neurons -interneurons -motor neurons
40
sensory neurons could also be called __ neurons motor neurons can also be called ____ neurons
sensory neurons --- afferent neurons motor neurons --- efferent neurons
41
what is a ganglion?
a collection of neuron cell bodies in the PNS
42
the cell bodies of sensory neurons are located in.....
peripheral sensory ganglia
43
sensory neurons are _____ neurons whose processes are known as......
UNIPOLAR neurons, whose processes are known as afferent fibers
44
afferent fibers extend between.....
a sensory receptor and the CNS
45
what do sensory neurons do?
collect information about the internal or external environment
46
what are 2 categories of sensory neurons? contrast their function
somatic sensory neurons and visceral sensory neurons somatic sensory neurons -- monitor the OUTSIDE world visceral sensory neurons -- monitor internal conditions and the status of other organ systems
47
categorize the sensory receptors and differentiate them
interoreceptors, exteroreceptors, proprioreceptors interoreceptors -- monitor the digestive, respiratory, cardiovascular, urinary, and reproductive systems exteroreceptors -- provide information about the external environment in the form of touch, temperature, or pressure sensations. proprioreceptors -- monitor the position and movement of skeletal muscles and joints
48
do we have more motor neurons or sensory neurons?
way more sensory (10 million vs half a million)
49
what are efferent fibers?
axons travelling away from the CNS
50
the 2 major efferent systems are....
the SNS and ANS
51
The SNS includes which motor neurons?
somatic motor neurons -- innervate skeletal muscles.
52
the cell body of somatic motor neurons lies ___ and extends ____
lies in the CNS and its axon extends within a peripheral nerve to innervate skeletal muscle fibers at a neuromuscular junction
53
___________ innervate all peripheral effectors other than skeletal muscles
visceral motor neurons
54
visceral motor neurons are part of.......
the ANS
55
name the peripheral effectors that visceral motor neurons innervate
smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands, and adipose tissue throughout the body
56
explain how visceral motor neurons innervate peripheral effectors (glands, smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, adipose tissue)
the axons of visceral motor neurons in the CNS innervate a SECOND set of visceral motor neurons in peripheral autonomic ganglia. the neurons whose cell bodies are in that ganglia innervate and control these peripheral effectors therefore, to get from the CNS to a peripheral effector, a signal must travel along 1 axon, be relayed across a synapse, and then travel along a SECOND axon to its final destination
57
the axons extending from the CNS --> autonomic ganglion are called....
pregangliolic fibers
58
axons connecting autonomic ganglion --> peripheral effectors are called....
postganglionic fibers
59
___ outnumber all other types of neurons combined
interneurons
60
interneurons could also be called.....
association neurons
61
MOST interneurons are located where?
in the CNS (brain and spinal cord)
62
what is the function of interneurons?
interneurons distribute sensory information and coordinate motor activity
63
how many interneuron(s) are located between a sensory neuron and a motor neuron?
1 or more. the more complex the response to a given stimulus, the more interneurons are involved
64
give another function of interneurons BESIDES distributing sensory information and coordinating motor activity
higher functions, such as memory, planning, and learning
65
neuroglia account for about ___ the volume of the nervous system
half
66
which contains a greater variety of neuroglial cell types ------ the PNS or the CNS?
the CNS
67
name the neuroglia found in the central nervous system
ependymal cells astrocytes oligodendrocytes microglia
68
what are the neuroglia found in the PNS
satellite cells Schwaan cells
69
give the FUNCTIONS of the neuroglia found in the CNS
ependymal cells --- line ventricles (brain) and central canal (spinal cord); assist in producing, cicrulating, and monitoring cerebrospinal fluid astrocytes --- MAINTAIN THE BLOOD BRAIN BARRIER. structural support, regulate ion nutrition and dissolved gas concentrations, absorb and recycle neurotransmitters, form scar tissue after injury Oligodendrocytes --- myelinate CNS axons. provide structural framework microglia --- remove cell debris, wastes, and pathogens by phagocytosis. (type of phagocyte)
70
give the FUNCTIONS of the PNS neuroglia
satellite cells --- surround the neuron cell bodies in the ganglia. regulate O2, CO2, nutrient, and neurotransmitter levels around neurons in the ganglia Schwaan cells --- surround all axons in the PNS. responsible for myelination of peripheral axons. participate in repair process after injury
71
ependymal cells form a _____
EPITHELIUM called the ependyma
72
what are the largest and most numerous neuroglia in the CNS?
astrocytes
73
what does the blood brain barrier do?
isolates the CNS from general circulation. compounds in circulating blood do NOT have free access to the interstitial fluid of the CNS
74
neural tissue must be ___ and ____ isolated from general circulation. why?
physically and biochemically hormones, amino acids, or other chemicals in the blood can alter neuron function
75
what controls the chemical exchange between the blood and interstitial fluid ?
endothelial cells lining CNS capillaries
76
these endothelial cells lining the CNS capillaries make up what?
the Blood brain barrier
77
explain how astrocytes maintain the blood brain barrier
the slender cytoplasmic extensions of astrocytes wrap around and form a complete blanket around the capillaries. astrocytes secrete chemicals that maintain the selective permeability of endothelial cells
78
what is the function of CSF (cerebrospinal fluid) and where is it located?
CSF fills the longitudinal axis of the brain and spinal cord, this fluid circulates continuously and provides a protective cushion that transports gases, nutrients, waste, and other materials.
79
the "passageway" filled with CSF -- explain how it is different between the brain and the spinal cord
in the spinal cord, this passageway is narrow and is called the central canal in the brain, the passageway forms enlarged chambers called VENTRICLES
80
What lines the central canal and ventricles of the brain?
ependymal cells
81
which neuroglia myelinates CNS axons
oligodendrocytes
82
what is myelin?
cytoplasmic wrapping of oligodendrocytes around the axolemma of a neuron. myelin serves as electrical insulation and increases the speed at which an action potential travels along an axon
83
what is an INTERNODE?
The fairly large areas of an axon that are wrapped in myelin
84
what are nodes?
nodes are the small gaps that separate adjacent internodes
85
in dissection, myelinated axons appear ____. why?
glossy white due to the lipids in the myelin regions dominated by myelinated axons are known as WHITE MATTER
86
are all axons in the CNS myelinated?
no! unmyelinated axons are common where short axons and collaterals form synapses with densely packed neuron cell bodies. this area is known as GRAY MATTER
87
What are the least numerous and smallest neuroglia in the CNS
microglia
88
microglia appear early in embryonic development. they originate from ___ Stem cells
mesodermal (also produce monocytes/macrophages)
89

AP II Exam 1 (17 decks)

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